________- is a general term applied to a group of fibrous silicate minerals.
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Covalent carbides
________ are formed by boron and silicon.
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Sodium
________ hypochlorite- the active ingredient in many liquid bleaches.
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symbol D
It is not radioactive, and it is often given the ________ in chemical formulas.
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Carbon
________ is a nonmetal; silicon and germanium are metalloids; tin and lead are metals.
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Diamond
________- a clear, hard solid in which the carbon atoms form an sp^3 hybridized covalent network.
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Tritium
________- a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a mass approximately three times that of the common protium isotope.
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room temperature
At ________, dioxygen is a colorless and odorless gas.
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Ionic Hydrides
________- are formed by the alkali metals and by the heavier alkaline earths (Ca, Sr, and Ba)
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Chlorine
________ is also used in water treatment to oxidize and thereby destroy bacteria.
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Oxygen
________ is used together with acetylene in oxyacetylene welding.
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Deuterium
________- makes up 0.0156 % of naturally occurring hydrogen.
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Calcite
________- is the principal mineral in limestone and the main constituent of marble, chalk, pearls, coral reefs, and the shells of marine animals such as clams and oysters.
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SiO2
It occurs in ________ and in an enormous variety of silicate minerals.
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Goiter
________- lack of iodine in the diet results in an enlarged thyroid gland.
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organic compounds
About half of the chlorine is used to manufacture chlorine- containing ________, such as the vinyl chloride used in making PVC plastics.
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H2
When ________ is ignited in air, a vigorous reaction occurs, forming H2O.
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reduction of dilute
It can be prepared in the laboratory by ________ nitric acid, using copper or iron as a reducing agent.
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Boron
________ is the only group 3A element that can be considered nonmetallic.
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Molecular Hydrides
________- are formed by nonmetals and metalloids, are either gases or liquids under standard conditions.
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Graphite
________- a soft, black, slippery solid that has a metallic luster and conducts electricity; it consists of parallel sheets of sp^2 hybridized carbon atoms held together by dispersion forces.
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Disproportionation
________- an element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.
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Hydrogen
________ is also used to manufacture methanol via the catalytic reaction of CO and H2 at high pressure and temperature.
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polishes
They are used commercially in a wide variety of products, including lubricants, car ________, sealants, and gaskets.
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Nitrogen
________ dioxide- a yellow- brown gas.
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Nitrous oxide
________- also known as laughing gas because a person becomes giddy after inhaling a small amount.
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Teflon
________- a polymeric fluorocarbon noted for its high thermal stability and lack of chemical reactivity.
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Charcoals
________- formed when wood is heated strongly in the absence of air.
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Zone
________ Refining- can help further purify the element.
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important component
It is a(n) ________ of the upper atmosphere, where it screens out ultraviolet radiation and so protects us from the effects of these high- energy rays.
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Peroxides
________- compounds containing O- O bonds and oxygen in the- 1 oxidation state.
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Liquid heliumis
________ used as a coolant to conduct experiments at very low temperatures.
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Ammonia
________- a colorless, toxic gas that has a characteristic irritating odor; one of the most important compounds of nitrogen.
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Photocopy machines
________ contain a belt or drum coated with a film of selenium.
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Dioxygen
________ is only slightly soluble in water (0.04 g /L, or 0.001 M at 25 °C), but its presence in water is essential to marine life.
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key element
It is a(n) ________ in living organisms, compounds of nitrogen are not abundant in Earths crust.
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Ozone
________ is sometimes used to treat drinking water.
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Space Shuttle
Combustion of hydrogen- oxygen mixtures is used in liquid- fuel rocket engines such as those of the ________.
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Argon
________ is also used as a protective atmosphere to prevent oxidation in welding and certain high- temperature metallurgical processes.
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pulp
It is also used to bleach ________ and paper.
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Iodine
________ is commonly used as KI in table salt.
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Hydrogen peroxide
________ is marketed as a chemical reagent in aqueous solutions of up to about 30 % by mass.
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Elemental sulfur
________ is yellow, tasteless, and nearly odorless.
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Crystalline silicon
________ is a gray metalliclooking solid that melts at 1410 °C.
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Metallic Hydrides
________- are formed when hydrogen reacts with transition metals.
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fabric
When applied to a(n) ________, the oxygen atoms form hydrogen bonds with the molecules on the surface of the ________.
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Interstitial carbides
________ are formed by many transition metals.
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Selenium
________ is used in photoelectric cells and light meters because its electrical conductivity increases greatly upon exposure to light.
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Nitric
________ oxide- also a colorless gas but, unlike N2O, it is slightly toxic.
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Hydrogen
means "water producer,"; named by Antoine Lavoisier
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Protium
the most common isotope of hydrogen, has a nucleus consisting of a single proton, which makes up 99.9844% of naturally occurring hydrogen
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Deuterium
makes up 0.0156% of naturally occurring hydrogen
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Deuteration
a process of replacing protium with deuterium, which can also have a profound effect on reaction rates, a phenomenon called a kinetic-isotope effect
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Tritium
a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a mass approximately three times that of the common protium isotope
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Ionic Hydrides
are formed by the alkali metals and by the heavier alkaline earths (Ca, Sr, and Ba)
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Metallic Hydrides
are formed when hydrogen reacts with transition metals
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Molecular Hydrides
are formed by nonmetals and metalloids, are either gases or liquids under standard conditions
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Fluorine is used to prepare fluorocarbons
very stable carbon-fluorine compounds used as refrigerants, lubricants, and plastics
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Teflon
a polymeric fluorocarbon noted for its high thermal stability and lack of chemical reactivity
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Sodium hypochlorite
the active ingredient in many liquid bleaches
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Goiter
lack of iodine in the diet results in an enlarged thyroid gland
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Acidic anhydrides/oxides
oxides that form acids when they react with water
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Basic anhydrides/oxides
ionic oxides that dissolve in water form hydroxides
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Peroxides
compounds containing O-O bonds and oxygen in the -1 oxidation state
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Super Oxide
a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O−
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Disproportionation
an element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced
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Hydrazine
another important hydride of nitrogen
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Nitrous oxide
also known as laughing gas because a person becomes giddy after inhaling a small amount
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Nitric oxide
also a colorless gas but, unlike N2O, it is slightly toxic
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Nitrogen dioxide
a yellow-brown gas
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The importance of the element stems in large part from its occurrence in all living organisms
Life as we know it is based on carbon compounds
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Graphite
a soft, black, slippery solid that has a metallic luster and conducts electricity; it consists of parallel sheets of sp^2 hybridized carbon atoms held together by dispersion forces
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Carbon Black
used as a pigment in black inks; large amounts are also used in making automobile tires
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Charcoals
formed when wood is heated strongly in the absence of air
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Diamond
a clear, hard solid in which the carbon atoms form an sp^3 hybridized covalent network
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Carbon monoxide
is formed when carbon or hydrocarbons are burned in a limited supply of oxygen
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Carbon dioxide
is produced when carbon-containing substances are burned in excess oxygen
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Carbonic acid
is a weak diprotic acid
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Principal Carbonate Minerals
Calcite, Magnesite, Dolomite & Siderite
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Calcite
is the principal mineral in limestone and the main constituent of marble, chalk, pearls, coral reefs, and the shells of marine animals such as clams and oysters
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Zone Refining
can help further purify the element
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Silicate
Silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygens and silicon is found in its most common oxidation state, +4
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Asbestos
is a general term applied to a group of fibrous silicate minerals
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