CHAPTER 22: CHEMISTRY OF THE NONMETALS

Asbestos

________- is a general term applied to a group of fibrous silicate minerals.

Covalent carbides

________ are formed by boron and silicon.

Sodium

________ hypochlorite- the active ingredient in many liquid bleaches.

symbol D

It is not radioactive, and it is often given the ________ in chemical formulas.

Carbon

________ is a nonmetal; silicon and germanium are metalloids; tin and lead are metals.

Diamond

________- a clear, hard solid in which the carbon atoms form an sp^3 hybridized covalent network.

Tritium

________- a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a mass approximately three times that of the common protium isotope.

room temperature

At ________, dioxygen is a colorless and odorless gas.

Ionic Hydrides

________- are formed by the alkali metals and by the heavier alkaline earths (Ca, Sr, and Ba)

Chlorine

________ is also used in water treatment to oxidize and thereby destroy bacteria.

Oxygen

________ is used together with acetylene in oxyacetylene welding.

Deuterium

________- makes up 0.0156 % of naturally occurring hydrogen.

Calcite

________- is the principal mineral in limestone and the main constituent of marble, chalk, pearls, coral reefs, and the shells of marine animals such as clams and oysters.

SiO2

It occurs in ________ and in an enormous variety of silicate minerals.

Goiter

________- lack of iodine in the diet results in an enlarged thyroid gland.

organic compounds

About half of the chlorine is used to manufacture chlorine- containing ________, such as the vinyl chloride used in making PVC plastics.

H2

When ________ is ignited in air, a vigorous reaction occurs, forming H2O.

reduction of dilute

It can be prepared in the laboratory by ________ nitric acid, using copper or iron as a reducing agent.

Boron

________ is the only group 3A element that can be considered nonmetallic.

Molecular Hydrides

________- are formed by nonmetals and metalloids, are either gases or liquids under standard conditions.

Graphite

________- a soft, black, slippery solid that has a metallic luster and conducts electricity; it consists of parallel sheets of sp^2 hybridized carbon atoms held together by dispersion forces.

Disproportionation

________- an element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.

Hydrogen

________ is also used to manufacture methanol via the catalytic reaction of CO and H2 at high pressure and temperature.

polishes

They are used commercially in a wide variety of products, including lubricants, car ________, sealants, and gaskets.

Nitrogen

________ dioxide- a yellow- brown gas.

Nitrous oxide

________- also known as laughing gas because a person becomes giddy after inhaling a small amount.

Teflon

________- a polymeric fluorocarbon noted for its high thermal stability and lack of chemical reactivity.

Charcoals

________- formed when wood is heated strongly in the absence of air.

Zone

________ Refining- can help further purify the element.

important component

It is a(n) ________ of the upper atmosphere, where it screens out ultraviolet radiation and so protects us from the effects of these high- energy rays.

Peroxides

________- compounds containing O- O bonds and oxygen in the- 1 oxidation state.

Liquid heliumis

________ used as a coolant to conduct experiments at very low temperatures.

Ammonia

________- a colorless, toxic gas that has a characteristic irritating odor; one of the most important compounds of nitrogen.

Photocopy machines

________ contain a belt or drum coated with a film of selenium.

Dioxygen

________ is only slightly soluble in water (0.04 g /L, or 0.001 M at 25 °C), but its presence in water is essential to marine life.

key element

It is a(n) ________ in living organisms, compounds of nitrogen are not abundant in Earths crust.

Ozone

________ is sometimes used to treat drinking water.

Space Shuttle

Combustion of hydrogen- oxygen mixtures is used in liquid- fuel rocket engines such as those of the ________.

Argon

________ is also used as a protective atmosphere to prevent oxidation in welding and certain high- temperature metallurgical processes.

pulp

It is also used to bleach ________ and paper.

Iodine

________ is commonly used as KI in table salt.

Hydrogen peroxide

________ is marketed as a chemical reagent in aqueous solutions of up to about 30 % by mass.

Elemental sulfur

________ is yellow, tasteless, and nearly odorless.

Crystalline silicon

________ is a gray metalliclooking solid that melts at 1410 °C.

Metallic Hydrides

________- are formed when hydrogen reacts with transition metals.

fabric

When applied to a(n) ________, the oxygen atoms form hydrogen bonds with the molecules on the surface of the ________.

Interstitial carbides

________ are formed by many transition metals.

Selenium

________ is used in photoelectric cells and light meters because its electrical conductivity increases greatly upon exposure to light.

Nitric

________ oxide- also a colorless gas but, unlike N2O, it is slightly toxic.

Hydrogen

means "water producer,"; named by Antoine Lavoisier

Protium

the most common isotope of hydrogen, has a nucleus consisting of a single proton, which makes up 99.9844% of naturally occurring hydrogen

Deuterium

makes up 0.0156% of naturally occurring hydrogen

Deuteration

a process of replacing protium with deuterium, which can also have a profound effect on reaction rates, a phenomenon called a kinetic-isotope effect

Tritium

a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a mass approximately three times that of the common protium isotope

Ionic Hydrides

are formed by the alkali metals and by the heavier alkaline earths (Ca, Sr, and Ba)

Metallic Hydrides

are formed when hydrogen reacts with transition metals

Molecular Hydrides

are formed by nonmetals and metalloids, are either gases or liquids under standard conditions

Fluorine is used to prepare fluorocarbons

very stable carbon-fluorine compounds used as refrigerants, lubricants, and plastics

Teflon

a polymeric fluorocarbon noted for its high thermal stability and lack of chemical reactivity

Sodium hypochlorite

the active ingredient in many liquid bleaches

Goiter

lack of iodine in the diet results in an enlarged thyroid gland

Acidic anhydrides/oxides

oxides that form acids when they react with water

Basic anhydrides/oxides

ionic oxides that dissolve in water form hydroxides

Peroxides

compounds containing O-O bonds and oxygen in the -1 oxidation state

Super Oxide

 a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O−

Disproportionation

an element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced

Hydrazine

another important hydride of nitrogen

Nitrous oxide

also known as laughing gas because a person becomes giddy after inhaling a small amount

Nitric oxide

also a colorless gas but, unlike N2O, it is slightly toxic

Nitrogen dioxide

a yellow-brown gas

The importance of the element stems in large part from its occurrence in all living organisms

Life as we know it is based on carbon compounds

Graphite

a soft, black, slippery solid that has a metallic luster and conducts electricity; it consists of parallel sheets of sp^2 hybridized carbon atoms held together by dispersion forces

Carbon Black

used as a pigment in black inks; large amounts are also used in making automobile tires

Charcoals

formed when wood is heated strongly in the absence of air

Diamond

a clear, hard solid in which the carbon atoms form an sp^3 hybridized covalent network

Carbon monoxide

is formed when carbon or hydrocarbons are burned in a limited supply of oxygen

Carbon dioxide

is produced when carbon-containing substances are burned in excess oxygen

Carbonic acid

is a weak diprotic acid

Principal Carbonate Minerals

Calcite, Magnesite, Dolomite & Siderite

Calcite

is the principal mineral in limestone and the main constituent of marble, chalk, pearls, coral reefs, and the shells of marine animals such as clams and oysters

Zone Refining

can help further purify the element

Silicate

Silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygens and silicon is found in its most common oxidation state, +4

Asbestos

is a general term applied to a group of fibrous silicate minerals

Borane anions

boron and hydrogen form a series of anions

Boric Oxide

the only important oxide of boron

Boron Hydrides

boron forms a variety of compounds with hydrogen