4th Quarter Science notes. Grade 7

Latitude

• lines from east to west or vice versa

• The farther away from the latitude, the colder it is.

(Lines of latitude)

Equator

• 0 degrees

• imagery lines midway between north and south.

• divides the earth into 2 different parts

• The closer you are to the equator, the hotter it gets

(Lines of latitude)

Parallel lines

• circles are drawn parallel to the equator.

  • Arctic Circle (66.5 degrees N)

  • Tropic or Cancer (23.5 degrees N)

  • Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees S)

  • Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees S)

(Lines of latitude)

Arctic Circle

(Lines of latitude)

• 66.5 degrees N

(Lines of latitude)

Tropic of Cancer

(Lines of latitude)

• 23.5 degrees N

(Lines of latitude)

Tropic of Capricorn

(Lines of latitude)

• 23.5 degrees S

(Lines of latitude)

Antarctic Circle

(Lines of latitude)

• 66.5 degrees S

Longitude

A line from North to South

(Lines of longitude)

Meridians

• lines are drawn from North Pole to South Pole

  • Prime Meridians (0 degrees)

  • International Dateline (180 degrees)

Location of the Philippines

• between 4 and 21 degrees North latitude and between 115 and 127 degrees East longitude

• Part of the typhoon belt and the Pacific Ring of Fire.

(Location of the Philippines)

North of the Philippines

• Land: Taiwan

• Water: Luzon Straight

(Location of the Philippines)

West of the Philippines

• Land: Vietnam

• Water: West Philippine sea

(Location of the Philippines)

South of the Philippines

• Land: lands of Indonesia

• Water: Celebes Sea

(Location of the Philippines)

East of the Philippines

• Land: None

• Water: Pacific Ocean

Location of Manila

• 14 degrees N

• 121 degrees E

(Natural Resources in the Philippines)

1. Resources from the Atmosphere

Air contains essential gasses needed by living organisms

(Natural Resources in the Philippines)

2. Land and Soil Resources

• Rich/fertile soil good for agriculture and biodiversity.

  • Plain

  • Mountain

  • Hills

  • Plateau

  • Valley

(Natural Resources in the Philippines)

3. Water Resources

• Freshwater or saltwater

• Produce: Habitat, source of food, drinking water, irrigation, industries, and recreation.

(Natural Resources in the Philippines)

4. Rock and Mineral Resources

• Non-metal (Limestone, granite, marble)

• Metal (Fe, Al, Ca, Au)

(Natural Resources in the Philippines)

5. Fossil Fuel

Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas

Plain

stretch of flat land with no elevation like hills or mountains.

Mountain

A landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak.

Hills

A piece of land that rises higher than everything around it but not enough higher than the mountain.

Plateau

a flat stretch of land of land on top of a mountain.

Valley

a low area between hills and mountains, typically with a river running through it.

Bay

an area of water bordered by land on 3 sides

River

a natural waterway usually formed by water delivered by precipitation and flows from higher ground to lower ground.

Lake

a body of water, usually freshwater, of relatively large size contained on a body of land

(Sustainability)

Refuse

_____ disposable and single-use plastics

(Sustainability)

Reduce

_____ plastic waste by making greener purchasing.

(Sustainability)

Recyclable/Recycle

______ dispose of the plastics responsibly

(Sustainability)

Re-use

_____ plastics then buying new ones

(Sustainability)

Remind

_______ others about the 4R’s

Layers of earth atmosphere

Each layer has a distinct temperature at a particular altitude (Height).

• Troposphere

• Stratosphere

• Mesosphere

• Thermosphere

• Exosphere

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

Troposphere

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

• Closes layer to the Earth

• 10km above sea level

• temperature decreases as latitude increases

• layer where weather occurs

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

Stratosphere

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

• Temperature increases as altitude increases

• Jet stream

• strong Eastwood wind

• Ozone layer

  • absorb UV radiation

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

Mesosphere

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

• Temperature decreases as the altitude increases

• has less air particles

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

Thermosphere

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

• Temperature increases like altitude

  • Ionsphere

    • contains electrically charged gases

• Auroral display

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

Exosphere

(Layers of earth atmosphere)

• Artificial satellites orbit in this region

• No clouds or any obstruction.

Interactions between the sun and Earth’s atmosphere happen as Earth receives solar energy

The absorbed solar radiation does not stay long on Earth’s surface. It’s released back into the air as infrared radiation, which is detected as heat.

Greenhouse effect

• The energy from the sun is radiated by the earth’s surface as a result of the insulation by ________ gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Causes of greenhouse gases

• it may be naturally produced by human activities.

• An example is the decomposition of leaves and dead animals

• respiratory of humans, animals, oceans, and volcanoes.

• Human activity such as the burning of fossil fuels, clearing forests, and producing cement generates carbon dioxide.

Equilibrium

• air moves from high pressure (cold temperature) to low pressure (warm temperature)

• Cold air = high pressure and high density and vice versa for hot air

Generation of wind

• Air moves from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure

Land breeze

• Land is cooler than water

• Land - High pressure

• Air moves from land to water

Sea breeze

• Land is warmer than water

• Water = High pressure

• Air moves from water to land

Global winds

• Polar region (cool); equator (warm)

• Poles - High pressure

• Equator - Low pressure

• Wind moves from poles to equator

Coriolis effect

Earth’s rotation causes a shift in wind direction

Northeast Monsoons

• Amihan(cool, dry, winds)

• November to Febuary

Northeast Monsoons (Place)

• high pressure - Asiatic Continent (Siberia); Low pressure - Pacific Ocean

• Wind moves from Siberia to the Philippines.

Southwest Monsoons

• Habagat (warm, moist, winds)

• June to November

Southwest Monsoons (place)

• High pressure - Australia; Low pressure - Pacific Ocean

• Wind moves from Australia to Pacific Ocean

Trade winds or Easterlies

• March to May

• Caused by sinking cold air between 0 to 30 degrees latitude

• Clear sky, few clouds, low rainfall

• Air currents near the equator that do not move in a straight line but are deflected because of the Coriolis effect.

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

• opposing winds from the northern

Major Air Pollutants

• Sulfer Oxide

• Carbon Monoxide

• Oxides of Nitrogen

• Hydrocarbons

The Earth’s Revolution

• spins in a 23.5 degree angle

• 1 revolution is 365.25 days

• That is why every 4 years we have February 29 or a leap year.

• seasons occur when the earth is in a different position to the sun.

• if the tilt is facing the earth, it’s summer.

Solstices

• occurs when the Earth’s Axis points either toward or away from the sun

E

Equinox

• Equal 12-hour night and day

• Autumnal on September 21 - 22

• Spring or Vernal on March 21 - 22

The Tropics

• regions that receive direct rays from the sun all year around

• it is the tropic of cancer and Capricorn

• High humidity

• high temperature

• abundant rainfall

Humidity

• moisture content of the atmosphere

Temperature of the Philippines

• the mean temperature of the Philippines is 26.6C

• mean temperature during coller months is 25.5C

• mean temp during the hottest months is 28.3C

Rainfall

• it is distributed unevenly depending on the direction of moisture, bearing winds, and the locatiion of mountainous regions.

Seasons of the Philippines

Wet Season

• June to November

Dry Season

• Cool Dry

  • December to February

• Hot dry

  • March to May

Cause of the 4 climate types

• they are recognized based on the distribution of rainfall in different areas.

Type 1 of Climate

• Dry wet seasons are distinct

• Dry seasons runs from November to April and rest is the wet season

• west of Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan

Type 2 of Climate

• No dry seasons.

• Minimum rainfall starting from November.

• Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Albay, Eastern mindanao.

Type 3 of climate

• Dry season is very short

• the rest of the year is wet season

• west of Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan

Type 4 of climate

• Rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year

• Batanes, North Eastern Luzon, Northern Cebu, Bohol, Central, Eastern and Southern Mindanao

Eclipses

• The moon revolves around the earth in 29.5 days

• It occurs when the sun, moon, and earth align

• it only occurs during the new moon and the full moon phases

  • Lunar Eclipse

  • Solar Eclipse

Solar Eclipse

• happens during daytime

• the moon cast a shadow on Earth causing the shadow to go dark

• Moon is at a new phase

• last for 3-8 mins

• It happens somewhere on earth every 18 months total

• a particular spot on Earth only experiences a total solar eclipse every 350 - 400 years

Total Solar

• You will see it only if you are in the moon’s umbra when it happens

Partial Solar Eclipse

• seen when you are exactly in the moon’s penumbra when it happens

Annular Solar Eclipse

• When the moon is the furthest from the Earth during the solar eclipse

Lunar Eclipse

• happens during nighttime

• Sun, Earth, Moon

  Earth cast a shadow causing the moon to go dark

• Moon is at it’s new full moon phase

• can last from 1-2 hours

How often does a lunar eclipse occur

• it happens 2 - 3 times a year

• Everyone who is experiencing nighttime during a lunar eclipse may see it.

Total Lunar Eclipse

• also called the blood moon

• the moon passes completely in an umbra/ shadow of the Earth

Partial Lunar Eclipse

• the moon is not completely in the penumbra of the Earth

P

Penumbra Lunar Eclipse

• Partial shadow eclipse the moon passes quickly through the penumbra