Psychology Review

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Socrates & Plato

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431 Terms

1

Socrates & Plato

Mind is separable from the body

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2

Aristotle

Knowledge is gained from our experiences

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3

Descartes

Believed nerve pathways were tunnels that allowed spirits to control movement.

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4

John Locke

Tabula Rasa- Blank slate theory

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5

Wilhelm Wundt

Father of Psychology, built first psychology laboratory

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6

G. Stanley Hall

Established the first U.S Psychology laboratory

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7

Bradford Titchener

Student of Wilhelm, prominent thinker of of structuralism

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8

Structuralism

Early school that sought to discover the structural elements of the mind

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9

William James

Prominent thinker of of functionalism, wrote the first psychology book: “The Principles of Psychology”

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10

Functionalism

Early school that believed the brain served a function necessary for our own survival.

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11

Behaviorism

Early school that believes psychology should be based off of observable behavior; based on objective science without reference to subjective mental processes

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12

Mary Whiton Calkins

First women president of the APA.

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13

Margaret Floy Washburn

First women to receive a Ph.D in Psychology

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14

Psychology

The science of behavior and mental processes

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15

Darwin’s Theory

Natural selection: nature will select the best traits among variations that will allow an organism to survive in a particular environment.

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16

Levels of analysis

Differing observations that are complementary to one another from biological, psychological, and sociocultural standpoints.

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17

Biopsychosocial Approach

Levels of analysis used to analyze any given phenomenon

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18

Behavioral Perspective

Study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning

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19

Biological Perspective

Study of the links between biological and psychological processes.

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20

Cognitive Perspective

Study on how we encode, process, store, and recieve information

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21

Evolutionary Perspective

Study of evolution of behavior and mind through principles of natural selection

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22

Humanistic Perspective

Study on how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment. Influence on growth

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23

Psychodynamic

Study on how the unconscious effects behavior

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24

Socio-cultural Perspective

Study on how behavior & thinking vary across situations and cultures.

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25

Psychometrics

Scientific study of the measurements of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. Studies through testing, measurement, and assessments.

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26

Basic Research

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

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27

Developmental Psychology

Studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

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28

Educational Psychology

Study of how psychological process affect and can enhance teaching and learning

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29

Personality Psychology

Study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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30

Social Psychology

Scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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31

Applied Research

Aims to solve practical problems

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32

Industrial-organization Psychology

Applies psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in the workplace

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33

Human factors Psychology

Explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

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34

Counseling & clinical Psychology

Assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being.

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35

Clinical Psychology

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practices by physicians who prove medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.

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36

Positive Psychology

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.

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37

Community Psychology

Studies how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

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38

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe that one would have foreseen the outcome after learning it.

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39

Overconfidence

The tendency to think that you know more than you do.

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40

Theory

An explanation of behaviors or events using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts those events offering a useful summary.

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41

Hypothesis

A testable prediction used to confirm a theory or lead it to revision or rejection

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42

Operational Definition

Carefully worded statements of the exact procedures used in the study. Allows people to replicate the research and reaffirm the findings.

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43

Descriptive Study

Describes a behavior, attempting to research and answer equations related to the behavior.

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44

Case Study

Descriptive study that studies a specific individual or group in depth in order to reveal universal principles to all of us.

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45

Naturalistic Observation

Descriptive study that studies a group in its natural environment.

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46

Survey

Descriptive study used to estimate the attitude from a representative group of people or reported behaviors of a whole population.

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47

Illusory correlations

The perception of a correlation that doesn’t exist.

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48

Correlational Study

Method of research that attempts to find a relationship between to variables.

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49

Experimental Study

Method of research that isolates and manipulates variables to determine its effects.

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50

Random Assignment

Assigning people to random groups in a study.

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51

Double blind procedure

An experimental procedure when both research staff and participants are ignorant of which groups received treatment or a placebo.

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52

Placebo

A result caused by expectation alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

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53

Descriptive statistics

Numerical data organized to measure and describe characteristics of a group. Includes measures of central tendency (single score that represents a whole set o scores: mean, median, mode) and measures of variation (distribution curve).

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54

Inferential statistics

Data that allows one to generalize/ infer from sample data the probability of a study being true to a population, statistics are reliable with representative samples that accurately represents the characteristics of a larger group, contains less variability and contains more cases/data.

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55

Statistical Significance

Statement of how likely it is that na obtained result occurred by chance.

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56

Meta Analysis

Method of research where researchers combine findings from multiple studies to draw a conclusion.

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57

Dendrites

A neuron’s branching fiber that receives information and conducts it toward the cell body.

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58

Axon

A neuron extent-ion fiber that passes through its terminal branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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59

Myeline Sheath

A layer of fatty tissue encasing the axons, insulating them and speeds their impulses/ greater transmission speed.

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60

Cell Body (soma)

A cell’s “life-support”/ HQ.

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61

Action Potential

Brief electrical charge fired from the neuron to transmit messages.

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62

Refactory Period

State of inactivity that occurs after a neuron has fired. After the depolarization the neuron pumps the positively charged sodium ions back outside to prepare to fire another pulse.

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63

Threshold

Level of stimulation require to trigger a neural impulse. Excitatory signals outweigh inhibitory signals

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64

All or none response

Neuron’s reaction to either firing or not.

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65

Reuptake

Reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the sending neuron.

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66

Synapse

Space between the axion tip and the dendrite or cell body. AKA Synaptic gap/clef.

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67

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons. Released by the sending neuron, they bind to receptor neurons on the receiving site to excite or inhibit.

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68

Acetylcholine

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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69

Dopamine

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Too much = Schizophrenia

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70

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

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71

Norepinephrine

Helps control alertness and arousal

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72

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

A major inhibitory transmitter

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73

Glutamate

A Major excitatory transmitter; involved in memory

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74

Endorphines

Natural opiate, neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.

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75

Agonists

Molecules that mimic neurotransmitters by binding to receptor sites and amplifying the response.

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76

Antagonists

Molecules that block neurotransmitters from opening up receptor sites and reducing the response.

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77

Selected Seretonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)

Prevents reuptake of seretonin.

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78

Nervous System

Body’s communications network consisting all the nerve cells.

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79

Sensory Neurons

Afferent; input; Carry information from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

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80

Motor Neurons

Efferent; output; lies within the Peripheral nervous system (rear of the front lobe); carries information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

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81

Interneurons

Only found in the central nervous system (spinal cord & brain), it processes information internally and intervenes between the sensory inputs and motor outputs/.

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82

Multiple Sclerosis

Disease that affects the myelin sheath & motor neurons

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83

Neural network

Cluster of neurons that connect with each other to build short and fast connections, helps develop specific skills.

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84

Endocrine System

Second communication network that secretes hormones into the bloodstream that affects other tissues including the brain. Slower than nervous system.

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85

Hypothalamus

Brain region controlling endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Governs bodily maintenance. Helps maintain a steady internal state and regulates hormones.

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86

Thyroid

Affects metabolism

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87

Parathyroid

Helps regulate levels of calcium in the blood.

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88

Adrenal glands

Releases cortisol, the flight or fight hormones

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89

Pituitary gland

Secretes many different hormones, some of which affects other glands. Known as the master gland.

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90

Pancreas

Regulates level of sugar in the blood.

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91

Testes/Ovaries

Secretion of male/female sex hormones.

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92

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. Measured by electrodes placed on the brain.

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93

Computed Tomography Scan (CT/CAT)

Examines the brain by taking a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a representation of a slice of the brain’s structure. Can reveal brain damage.

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94

Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET)

Examines through a visual display of brain activity by detecting where a radioactive form of glucose travels while the brain performs a task.

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95

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Scans that show brain anatomy by using magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue.

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96

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Method used by comparing MRI scans taken less than a second apart to reveal brain activity and its structure through blood flow. Shows how the brain functions.

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97

Brainstem

Brain’s oldest and innermost region.

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98

Medulla

Brain part that controls heartbeat and breathing

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99

Pons

Oldest brain part that helps coordinate movements voluntarily (autonomous).

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100

Thalamus

The brain’s sensory control center, receives information from all senses except smell and routes it to higher brain regions

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