Hist 221 Test 1

History 221 test 1 with Dr. David Coles Longwood University

Native American Civilizations before Columbus

Civilizations like the Mississippian, Pueblo, and others that thrived in North America before the arrival of Columbus, characterized by established trade routes, complex societies, and various cultural practices.

Paleo/Archaic/Post Archaic

Stages of Native American cultural development: Paleo (early hunter-gatherers), Archaic (adaptation to new environments and sedentary life), and Post-Archaic (development of complex societies and agriculture).

Mayans/Incas/Aztecs/Adena-Hopewell/Mississippian/Pueblo

Major civilizations in the Americas with unique societies

Differences between Native American and European civilizations

Native American societies often centered on communal land use and spiritual connections to nature, while European societies were typically more hierarchical, with individual land ownership and organized religion.

Feudalism

A social system in medieval Europe where land was held by nobles in exchange for military service, creating a rigid class structure that influenced European political and social organization.

Crusades

A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians in the medieval period aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim rule, which heightened trade and cultural exchanges between Europe and the East.

Renaissance

A cultural movement beginning in the 14th century in Europe, emphasizing art, science, and humanism, leading to advancements in exploration, literature, and philosophy.

Protestant Reformation/Luther/Calvin/Henry VIII

A religious reform movement in the 16th century that led to the creation of Protestant churches and significant changes in European religious and political thought, initiated by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin.

Reasons for Exploration/Colonization

Motivations for European exploration included economic gain (trade routes and resources), religious conversion, and national competition for territory.

Mayans

A major civilization in Central America known for its advanced knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and a complex calendar system.

Incas

An empire located in the Andes Mountains of South America, recognized for its sophisticated architecture, extensive road systems, and agricultural innovations.

Aztecs

A civilization that thrived in Central Mexico, known for its intricate social structure, impressive architecture, and the practice of human sacrifice in religious rituals.

Adena-Hopewell

Pre-Columbian Native American cultures in the Northeast known for their earthwork mounds and extensive trade networks.

Mississippian

A Native American culture that flourished in the Southeastern United States known for its mound-building and complex chiefdom societies.

Pueblo

Native American cultures in the Southwestern United States noted for their unique adobe dwellings and agricultural practices.

Portuguese colonization/Brazil

The establishment of Portuguese settlements in Brazil, beginning in the 1500s, which included economic exploitation and the introduction of sugar plantations.

Prince Henry the Navigator

A Portuguese royal who played a key role in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and the Age of Discovery by sponsoring explorations along the African coast.

Diaz

Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa in 1488, opening the way for a sea route to Asia.

De Gama

Vasco da Gama was the first person to sail directly from Europe to India, establishing a maritime route for trade.

Columbus

Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, reaching the Caribbean and opening up the Americas to European exploration.

Papal Bulls

Official decrees issued by the Pope, such as the Inter caetera, which granted Spain and Portugal the rights to colonize and annex lands in the New World.

Cortes/Pizarro

Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire, while Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire, significantly impacting the colonization of the Americas.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's voyages.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of state power in managing the economy, wherein colonies existed primarily for the benefit of the mother country.

St. Augustine/Ribault/Menendez/missions

St. Augustine is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in the continental United States, founded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. Jean Ribault was a French explorer associated with early settlements.

Roanoke/Lost Colony

The Roanoke Colony was an attempt to establish a permanent English settlement in the New World, which mysteriously disappeared by 1590.

Jamestown/John Smith/Thomas Dale/John Rolfe

Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in America. Key figures include John Smith (leader), Thomas Dale (governor), and John Rolfe (introduced tobacco cultivation).

New Plymouth/Pilgrims/William Bradford

New Plymouth was established by the Pilgrims in 1620, led by William Bradford, who sought religious freedom from England.

Massachusetts Bay/Puritans/John Winthrop

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by Puritans in 1630, led by John Winthrop, who aimed to create a 'city upon a hill' as a model of Christian society.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan spiritual leader in colonial Massachusetts known for her religious dissent and challenge to established religious norms.

Roger Williams

A religious dissenter who advocated for separation of church and state and founded Rhode Island as a place of religious freedom.

Cecelius Calvert (Lord Baltimore)/William Penn/Carolinas/Georgia

Cecilius Calvert established Maryland as a refuge for Catholics; William Penn founded Pennsylvania for Quakers; the Carolinas and Georgia were established for various economic and social reasons.

French colonization/Quebec/Louisiana/Louis XIV/Colbert

French colonization efforts in North America included the establishment of Quebec and Louisiana, promoted by leaders like Louis XIV and his minister Colbert.

Dutch colonization/New York/New Netherlands/Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch established New Amsterdam (later New York) as a key trading hub; Peter Stuyvesant was the last director-general of the colony before it fell to the English.

Impact of European contact on Native Americans

European contact led to significant disruptions for Native Americans, including disease, displacement, and changes in trade and social structures.

Maroon Settlements

Communities formed by escaped enslaved people in the Americas, often developing their own social structures and cultures.

Ferdinand Magellan

The first explorer to circumnavigate the globe, completing the journey in 1519-1522.

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

The first European to see the Pacific Ocean, he crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513.

Juan Ponce de León

A Spanish explorer known for his expedition to Florida in search of the Fountain of Youth.

Hernando de Soto

An explorer who led the first European expedition deep into the southeastern United States, known for his exploration of Florida and the Mississippi River.

Early Slave Societies

Societies that developed in the Americas based on the enslavement of African people, significantly impacting social, economic, and cultural structures.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 armed insurrection in Virginia, led by Nathaniel Bacon, against Native Americans and colonial authority, reflecting tensions between frontier settlers and the established government.

Indentured Servitude

A labor system where individuals worked for a specified number of years in exchange for passage to America, land, or other benefits, often leading to harsh conditions.

Triangular Trade/Middle Passage

A transatlantic trading network where goods, enslaved individuals, and raw materials were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with the Middle Passage referring to the brutal journey of enslaved Africans.

Black Resistance to Slavery

Various forms of opposition and resistance by enslaved people against their conditions, including rebellion, escape, and the establishment of Maroon communities.

European Ethnic Groups in the British Colonies

Various ethnic groups that settled in the British colonies, including the English, Scots, Scots-Irish, and Germans, each contributing to the cultural landscape of the colonies.

New England Colonies—Geography

Characterized by rocky coastlines, hilly terrain, and forests, with a climate suitable for fishing, shipbuilding, and small-scale farming.

New England Colonies—Economics

Economy based on shipping, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade, with some subsistence farming.

New England Colonies—Social Groups

Socially stratified with a mix of wealthy merchants, small farmers, and a strong Puritan influence shaping community life.

King Philip’s War

A conflict (1675-1676) between New England colonists and Native American groups led by Metacom (King Philip), resulting in considerable destruction and loss of life.

Middle Colonies—Geography

Characterized by fertile soil, navigable rivers, and a mix of coastal plains and rolling hills.

Middle Colonies—Economics

Economy reliant on agriculture (grains), trade, and a diverse set of industries, including ironworks and shipping.

Middle Colonies—Social Groups

Diverse population including English, Dutch, German, and Scots-Irish, with a mix of urban and rural communities.

Southern Colonies—Geography

Characterized by flat land, fertile soil, and a warm climate suitable for agriculture.

Southern Colonies—Economics

Economy based primarily on plantation agriculture, including tobacco, rice, and indigo, with reliance on enslaved labor.

Southern Colonies—Social Groups

Social structure dominated by wealthy planters, with a significant enslaved population and poorer white farmers.

Colonial Economy/Navigational Acts

Economic system regulated by the British government to control colonial trade, requiring that certain goods be shipped on English ships.

Religion/Salem Witchcraft Hysteria/Halfway Covenant

A period marked by the Salem witch trials (1692) reflecting religious fanaticism.

Great Awakening/Jonathan Edwards

A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s led by figures like Jonathan Edwards emphasizing personal faith and emotional connections to God.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, greatly influencing revolutionary thoughts.

Earlier Colonial Wars

Conflicts preceding the American Revolution, such as King William's War and Queen Anne's War, that shaped colonial relationships and territorial disputes.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

A conflict (1754-1763) that pitted the British colonies against the French and their Native American allies, leading to significant British debt and subsequent taxation on the colonies.

1763 Treaty of Paris

The agreement that ended the French and Indian War, resulting in France ceding Canada and territories to Britain, significantly redrawing the map of North America.

Proclamation of 1763

A decree issued by the British government forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflicts with Native Americans.

George Grenville

The British Prime Minister whose policies, including taxes on the colonies, sparked unrest and resistance to British rule during the pre-Revolutionary period.

Sugar Act

A 1764 law that imposed a tax on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies, aimed at raising revenue and combating smuggling.

Stamp Act/Stamp Act Congress

A 1765 act requiring colonists to purchase special stamped paper for legal documents; the first significant unified colonial response was the Stamp Act Congress.

Sam Adams

A colonial leader and organizer of resistance against British taxation, instrumental in fostering colonial unity and the push for independence.

Nonimportation

A boycott against British goods adopted by American colonists in response to taxation, as a form of protest and economic pressure on Britain.

Declaratory Act

The 1766 act asserting Parliament's authority to legislate for the colonies 'in all cases whatsoever' following the repeal of the Stamp Act.

Townshend Acts

A series of laws enacted in 1767 imposing duties on imported goods, leading to increased tensions and boycotts in the American colonies.

Boston Massacre

The 1770 event where British soldiers killed five colonists during a confrontation, intensifying anti-British sentiment among colonists.

Tea Act

A 1773 act allowing the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies, leading to colonial protests including the Boston Tea Party.

Coercive Acts

Also known as the Intolerable Acts, a series of punitive measures enacted in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, aimed at curbing colonial resistance.

First Continental Congress

A gathering of colonial delegates in 1774 to coordinate resistance against British policies and to address grievances

Background Causes of the American Revolution

Factors leading to the American Revolution included growing colonial discontent with British taxation, lack of representation, and restrictions on westward expansion, culminating in a desire for independence.

Lexington and Concord

The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War on April 19, 1775, where colonial militia faced British troops, marking the 'shot heard 'round the world.'

Bunker Hill

A pivotal battle fought on June 17, 1775, demonstrating that colonial forces could stand up to the British army, despite being a tactical victory for Britain.