chapter 13: social psychology

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38 Terms

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Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or beliefs to align with those of a group or societal norm.

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Confederates

Individuals who are part of an experiment but are not actual participants; they are working with the researcher to manipulate the experimental conditions.

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Consistency

Examines how consistently a person behaves in the same situation over time.

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Distinctiveness

Considers whether a person's behavior is similar or distinct across different situations or contexts.

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Internal Attributions

Made when a person exhibits high consistency in behavior across time and low distinctiveness across situations, regardless of consensus.

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External Attributions

Made when a person's behavior is consistent across situations but also distinct from others' behavior and there is high consensus.

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Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

The tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional/internal causes rather than environmental/external causes.

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Actor-Observer Bias

The tendency to attribute internal causes to others' behavior and external causes to our own behavior.

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Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute successes to internal causes and failures to external causes to preserve self-esteem.

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Impression Formation

The process of forming opinions about individuals or groups influenced by initial available information.

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Social Influence

The process by which our thoughts and actions are shaped by the presence of others.

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Social Norms

Prescribed behaviors that vary across contexts, cultures, and time periods.

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Solomon Asch

Conducted a conformity experiment in the early 1950s to test how the presence of others influences conformity.

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Conformity

The tendency to align one's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors with those of a group, influenced by group size and familiarity with the task or situation.

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Groupthink

A phenomenon where groups prioritize consensus and conformity over critical thinking, characterized by overestimating the group, closed-mindedness, pressure for uniformity, and the presence of mindguards.

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Obedience to Authority

The act of following orders from an authority figure, exemplified by Stanley Milgram's experiments, influenced by factors like authority, gradual escalation, pre-defined roles, dehumanization, commitment, lack of direct confrontation, and social pressure.

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The Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in the presence of others, influenced by diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, and factors like perceived danger, presence of a perpetrator, and requirement for physical action.

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Stereotypes

Simplified and generalized beliefs about a group based on perceived common characteristics, impacting behaviors through stereotype threat, which can lead to anxiety and reduced performance.

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Out-group Homogeneity Effect

The tendency to view members of an out-group as more similar to each other than they really are.

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In-group Differentiation

The tendency to perceive members of one’s own group as more varied and distinct.

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Perpetuation of Stereotypes

The continuous reinforcement and maintenance of stereotypes within society.

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Media Influence

The role of media in reinforcing stereotypes by exaggerating certain traits for dramatic effect.

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Socialization

The process through which individuals learn and internalize stereotypes from a young age.

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Cognitive Biases

Mental shortcuts like stereotypes used for quick understanding of complex social information.

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Cultural Endorsement

Societal norms embedding stereotypes deeply within a culture.

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Education and Awareness

Promoting understanding of diversity within groups and the drawbacks of overgeneralization.

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Intergroup Contact

Encouraging direct interaction between groups to break down stereotypes and foster empathy.

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Counter-Stereotypic Information

Presenting information that challenges common stereotypes to reshape opinions.

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Prejudice

Affective responses involving negative attitudes and emotions towards a specific group.

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Positive Stereotypes

Stereotypes attributing desirable qualities to certain groups.

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Negative Stereotypes

Stereotypes involving detrimental or derogatory beliefs.

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Discrimination

Actions or behaviors that exclude, restrict, or distinguish against individuals based on group affiliation.

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Legal Prohibitions Against Discrimination

Laws prohibiting discrimination based on various factors like gender, race, and religion.

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Scapegoat Theory

Proposes that prejudice arises from blaming others for personal problems.

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Realistic Conflict Theory

Competition over scarce resources leading to intergroup conflicts.

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Interdependence in Achieving Common Goals

Encouraging collaboration to reduce perceptions of 'us vs. them'.

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Equal Status Contact

Creating environments where individuals from different groups interact as equals to reduce prejudice.

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Altruism

Engaging in behaviors to benefit others without expecting anything in return.