AAS 100 SDSU FINAL

What significant action did the U.S. take regarding trade with Japan in 1940?

The U.S. ended the trade treaty with Japan and banned the sale of aviation fuel and scrap metal to Japan.

What action did Japan take in Indochina? 1940

Japan occupied Indochina to attain raw materials.

What did the U.S. do to Japan's assets in 1941?

The U.S. froze Japan's assets in the U.S.

What was the state of U.S.-Japan relations in 1940?

U.S.-Japan relations were tense due to Japan's increasing military aggression in Asia.

When did Japan invade China, and what was the significance? 1940

Japan invaded China in 1937, expanding control over Southeast Asia, which alarmed Western powers and the U.S.

What embargo did the U.S. impose on Japan in 1940?

The U.S. included an embargo on oil, steel, and essential resources for Japan's war machine.

What did Japan consider by 1940 regarding the U.S.?

By 1940, Japan considered military action against the U.S., setting the stage for Pearl Harbor in 1941.

What major conflict did the tensions between the U.S. and Japan ultimately lead to? 1940

The tensions ultimately led to World War II.

John Dewitt

urged War department to intern Japanese Americans, didnt want large pop in the West.

Minoru Yasui

protested the creation of internment camps by skipping curfew. turned himself in, lower court denies citizenship.

Denied from enlisting 9 times

Father arrested as enemy alien and assets frozen

What did Gordon Hirabayashi resist?

Incarceration

What did Gordon Hirabayashi do to the FBI?

Turned himself in

What did Gordon Hirabayashi argue against?

US mlitary demands Japanese American internees' to depledge allegiance to the emperor of Japan bc it wasnt asked of any other ethnic groups

Hirabayashi v US

Curfews against minority groups was constitutional when the nation is at war w country from which minority group originates

Where was Fred Korematsu born?

Oakland, California

What name did Fred Korematsu change to in order to be with his girlfriend?

Clyde Sarah

What was the reason for Fred Korematsu's arrest?

Violating a military order

Which organization supported Fred Korematsu during his legal battle?

ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)

What was the outcome of Korematsu v. the United States (1944)?

The Court upheld the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese Americans.

Who described the ruling in Korematsu v. the United States as the 'Legalization of Racism'?

Justice Frank Murphy

What amendment did Justice Murphy argue was violated in Korematsu v. the United States?

The Fifth Amendment

What significant action was taken regarding Korematsu's conviction in 1983?

It was overturned.

Korematsu v. US

Ruled that national security concerns justified the internments of Japanese Americans WWII. Fred was convicted

Who was Mitsuye Endo?

Mitsuye Endo was a Japanese American woman whose legal case, Endo v. United States (1944), became a landmark in the fight against the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

What happened to Mitsuye Endo after Pearl Harbor?

She got fired from her position as a typist at the California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Where was Mitsuye Endo first interned?

She was first interned at the Tule Lake camp.

Where was Mitsuye Endo interned after Tule Lake?

She was interned at the Topaz camp.

What legal action did Mitsuye Endo take against the California State Personnel Board?

She was first in a class-action lawsuit against the California State Personnel Board.

Who filed a lawsuit against the internment in 1942?

Attorney James C. Purcell filed a lawsuit against the internment in 1942.

What did the Supreme Court decree in December 1944 regarding Japanese Americans?

The Supreme Court decreed that persons of Japanese descent could not be held in confinement without proof of their disloyalty.

What was the outcome of Mitsuye Endo's case?

The case compelled the government to lift the internment order.

What was the significance of the Supreme Court ruling in favor of Mitsuye Endo?

It set a precedent that the government could not continue the internment of loyal citizens.

What was the War Brides Act?

The War Brides Act of 1945 was a U.S. law that allowed foreign-born wives, children, and other dependents of American soldiers who served during World War II to immigrate to the United States.

What was the purpose of the War Brides Act of 1945?

The act facilitated the reunion of soldiers with their spouses and children, many of whom were from European countries, but also included those from the Pacific.

How did the War Brides Act of 1945 impact families?

The act helped address the social and emotional impact of the war by enabling families to reunite.

What significance did the War Brides Act have in U.S. immigration policy?

It was one of the first pieces of legislation to prioritize family reunification in U.S. immigration policy.

What does the term 'Kibei' refer to?

Japanese Americans who were born in the U.S. but raised in Japan and later returned to the U.S.

What was a major concern regarding Kibei during the early 20th century?

They were often seen as more loyal to Japan than to the United States.

How did the Kibei Problem influence public perception during World War II?

It led to suspicion and distrust towards Kibei individuals.

What policies were influenced by the Kibei Problem during World War II?

Internment policies targeting Japanese Americans.

What role did Chinese American women play during World War II?

They worked as defense workers, contributing to the production of munitions, aircraft, and other wartime supplies.

What type of jobs did second-generation Chinese American women hold during WWII?

They worked in defense industries.

How did defense jobs during WWII compare in pay and leadership opportunities for Chinese Americans?

Defense jobs paid more but offered no leadership positions to Asians.

What significant shift occurred for Chinese American women during WWII?

They moved from traditional roles in domestic work to employment in factories and shipyards.

What barriers did Chinese American women challenge by working during WWII?

They challenged gender and racial barriers.

What broader movement were Chinese American women part of during WWII?

The movement of women entering the workforce.

Manuel Buaken

Manuel Buaken stated that Americans have these great ideals but fail to practice them by discriminating. states Filipinos contributed economic welfare and useful arts.

Chamorros (During WWII)

Chamorros.the indigenous people of Guam, faced dangerous war conditions while occupied by Japan. They were forced to march, watch families get beaten, and forced to starve. Torture from Japan to keep control.

U.S. recaptured Guam in 1944, Chamorros were liberated, but island and lives deeply affected by the war.

What was Tule Lake during World War II?

Tule Lake was one of the largest and most notorious Japanese American internment camps.

Where is Tule Lake located?

Tule Lake is located in northern California.

How many Japanese Americans were housed at Tule Lake?

Tule Lake housed more than 18,000 Japanese Americans.

Why were many Japanese Americans considered 'disloyal' at Tule Lake?

They resisted forced relocation or refused to swear allegiance to the United States.

What transformation occurred at Tule Lake in 1943?

The camp was transformed into a 'segregation center' for those who answered 'no' to certain loyalty questions.

What reputation did Tule Lake acquire due to its transformation in 1943?

Tule Lake gained a reputation as a place of heightened tensions and dissent.

What was the Japanese American internment?

The forced relocation and incarceration of around 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II.

What percentage of Japanese Americans interned were U.S. citizens?

Two-thirds.

What event prompted the U.S. government to issue Executive Order 9066?

The attack on Pearl Harbor.

What did Executive Order 9066 authorize?

The internment of Japanese Americans on the West Coast.

What happened to the possessions of Japanese Americans during internment?

They were forced to liquidate their possessions.

How were Japanese Americans moved during internment?

As family units.

Where were some Japanese Americans interned?

In Indian Reservations.

What was one goal of the U.S. government regarding Japanese Americans and Native American land?

To have Japanese Americans improve Native American land.

What did Japanese Americans receive after leaving the internment camps?

$25 and a train ticket.

What continued to affect Japanese Americans after internment?

Racial prejudice, especially on the West Coast.

What was one consequence of internment on Japanese American families?

Families disintegrated.

What was one effect of internment on the immigrant generation of Japanese Americans?

Disempowerment.

What happened to Japanese Americans during WWII?

Japanese Americans faced forced internment, with over 120,000 individuals relocated to camps due to fears of espionage after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

What was the impact of internment on Japanese Americans?

Internment led to a significant loss of property, livelihoods, and personal freedoms for Japanese Americans.

What military unit did many Japanese Americans serve in during WWII?

Many Japanese Americans served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, which became one of the most decorated units in U.S. history.

How did public perception of Chinese Americans change during WWII?

Public perception shifted as anti-Chinese sentiment decreased when China became an ally of the U.S. against Japan.

What opportunities opened up for Chinese Americans during WWII?

The decrease in anti-Chinese sentiment helped open up more opportunities for Chinese Americans in the workforce.

What challenges did Filipino Americans face after WWII?

Filipino Americans faced struggles for recognition and benefits, such as veterans' rights, after the war.

What role did Filipino Americans play during WWII?

Filipino American soldiers fought alongside American forces in the Pacific.

What challenges did Korean Americans face during WWII?

Korean Americans were caught between their allegiance to the U.S. and the desire for independence from Japan, which had occupied Korea.

What involvement did some Korean Americans have during WWII?

Some Korean Americans, especially those from activist families, were involved in pro-independence movements.

What is the official name of the McCarran-Walter Act?

Immigration and Nationality Act

What year was the McCarran-Walter Act enacted?

1952

Who vetoed the McCarran-Walter Act?

Harry Truman

What immigration system did the McCarran-Walter Act maintain?

The national origins quota system

How did the McCarran-Walter Act count Asian immigrants?

By their racial ancestry

What were the immigration quotas for Japan, China, and other Asians under the McCarran-Walter Act?

Japan (185), China (105), other Asians (100)

What types of immigrants did the McCarran-Walter Act prioritize?

Skilled workers and then family reunification

What significant power did the McCarran-Walter Act expand for the government?

The power to exclude or deport immigrants deemed subversive or associated with communism

What was a major effect of the McCarran-Walter Act on immigration policy?

It favored European immigrants while limiting immigration from Asia and other non-European regions.

Who is Sammy Lee?

A pioneering American diver and Olympic gold medalist.

What significant achievement did Sammy Lee accomplish in diving?

He became the first Asian American to win an Olympic gold medal in diving.

In which years did Sammy Lee win Olympic gold medals?

1948 and 1952.

What events did Sammy Lee win gold medals in at the Olympics?

10-meter platform and 3-meter springboard.

What barriers did Sammy Lee break through in sports?

He broke racial barriers and overcame prejudice faced by Asian Americans.

How did Sammy Lee's achievements impact Asian Americans in sports?

His success helped pave the way for greater acceptance and representation.

What amendment was made to the War Brides Act of 1945 in 1946?

It only applied to Chinese veterans.

From 1947 to 1965, which group of immigrants outnumbered the other in the U.S.?

More women immigrated to the country than Asian men.

What was the purpose of the Chinese Wives of American Citizens Act of 1946?

It allowed Chinese American citizens' wives to immigrate to the US.

What restriction was placed on Chinese American citizens' wives after the 1924 Immigration Act?

They were barred from immigrating to the US.

How did married non-Asian GIs enter the U.S.?

They entered as non-quota immigrants.

What project did Qian Xuesen work on during World War II?

He worked on the Manhattan Project.

What accusation was made against Qian Xuesen that affected his career?

He was accused of being a Chinese Communist sympathizer.

What happened to Qian Xuesen's security clearance?

He was stripped of his security clearance.

How long was Qian Xuesen placed under house arrest?

He was under house arrest for 5 years.

What significant contributions did Qian Xuesen make after returning to China?

He helped China develop nuclear weapons and a space program.