Demographic change

### What is Demography?

The study of human populations

### Birth Rate

Live births per 1,000 people

### Death Rate

Deaths per 1,000 people

### Natural Increase Rate

(NIR) = BR (birth rate) – DR (death rate)

### Emigration Rate

Number of emigrants per 1,000 people

### Immigration Rate

Number of immigrants per 1,000 people

### Emigration Rate

Number of emigrants per 1,000 people

Net Migration Rate

IR (immigration rate) – ER (emigration rate)

### Population Growth Rate

(PGR) = (BR - DR) + (IR -  ER)

Positive influences on demographic change:

Economic Growth, increased workforce and support from the government

Negative influences on demographic change

Aging population, social disruption, the economic burden

### Population Pyramids (what are they and what do they measure/represent)

1. Age Distribution: The vertical axis of the population pyramid represents different age groups, typically in five-year intervals (e.g., 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, etc.). The bars show the proportion or number of individuals within each age group, allowing the viewer to assess the relative size of different age cohorts.
2. Population Size: The width of the bars in the population pyramid reflects the population size within each age group. Wider bars indicate larger population sizes, while narrower bars indicate smaller populations.
3. Gender Distribution: The population pyramid is divided into male and female sections, with each side representing the respective gender. By comparing the width of the bars on each side, one can assess the gender balance within different age groups.
4. Dependency Ratio: The shape of the population pyramid can provide insights into the dependency ratio, which compares the size of the dependent population (typically children and elderly) to the working-age population. A broad base with a smaller middle and narrower top indicates a youthful population with a lower dependency ratio, while a narrower base and wider top indicate an aging population with a higher dependency ratio.