Psychology Chapter 14 Test

Personality

distinguishing characteristics of an individual that endure

(feelings, motives, behavior)

Freud

argued unconscious influences our behavior and personality formed out of struggle to satisfy urges

3 parts of personality

Id, Superego, and Ego

Id

include pleasure principle

(If it feels good then do it, Little Devil, Behaves like a stereotypical 2-year-old)

Superego

includes moral principle (conscience) (What we can do, Satify urges in a morally acceptable way)

Ego

balances id and superego; reality principle

Defence Mechanism

unconscious tactics employed by the ego to combat anxiety

Different types of Defence Mechanisms

Compensation, Rationliaztion, Identification, Procrastination, Repression, Scapegoat, Intellectualization, Regression, Projection, Displacment, Reaction Formation, Denial, Sublimation.

Compensation

lack skills in one area and make up for that in another area

(not good at school, so you’re good at sports)

Identification

transfer to yourself qualities of someone else

Procrastination

Delay or avoidance

Scapegoat

blame others

Intellectualization

deal with a situation in an unemotional manner

Repression

removes anxiety causing ideas from the conscious to the unconscious

Rationalization

use fo self deception to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas

Regression

when an individual is under a great deal of stress, they will return to a behavior that is characteristic of an earlier stage of development

Projection

people who project their impulses onto other people

Displacement

the transfer of an idea or impulse from a threatening or unsuitable object to a less threatening object

EX. a child who is yelled at, at home may yell at his friends

Reaction Formation

People act on the contrary to their genuine feelings in order to keep their true feelings hidden.

EX. Someone who has a crush on another person may act mean to them.

Denial

a person who refuses to accept the reality of anything that is bad or upsetting

Ex, A person who smokes tobacco might ignore the risks of lung cancer

Sublimation

individuals can channel their basic implies into socially acceptable behavior

EX. A hostile student may channel their anger through contact sports.

Psychosexual Development

conflicts encountered at different stages

influences personality (Freud)

Fixation

permanent personality conflicts

(shows up later in life)

resulting from over/under indulgences of an erogenous zone

5 stages of Fixations

Oral,

Anal,

Phallic,

Latency,

Genital

Oral Stage

pleasure around the mouth

EX. Chewing fingernails, Gum

(Infancy to 18 months)

Anal Stage

bowel or bladder control

EX. Anal retentive, Anal explosive

(toddlerhood)

Phallic Stage

Genitals

EX. Promiscuous, Timid

(Ages 3-6)

Latency Stage

Body satisfaction is less important, Social contacts increase

(Ages 6-12)

Genital Stage

Gender Identity is established, and intimate relationships are established

(Teenage and Adulthood)

Freud’s Impact

recognized the importance of early years many concepts untestable

Erik Erikson and Psychosocial Development

the importance of social relationships

different stages involved crises

Oedipus and Electra Complex

In psychoanalytic theory, the Oedipus Complex refers to a boy's desire for his mother and jealousy towards his father, while the Electra Complex involves a girl's desire for her father and jealousy towards her mother.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory of human motivation that arranges needs in a hierarchy, with basic physiological needs at the base and self-actualization at the top.

Jung and archetypes, collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of universal, mythic characters and themes that reside in the collective unconscious of people.

Libido

In psychoanalytic theory, the psychic energy that drives the life instincts and sustains mental processes.

Pleasure Principle

The driving force of the id that seeks immediate gratification of needs and desires.

Reality Principle

The ego's function is to mediate between the demands of the id, superego, and external reality.

Bandura and Observation Learning

Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of observational learning and modeling in behavior.

Adler and Inferiority

Alfred Adler's concept that feelings of inferiority motivate individuals to strive for superiority and success.

Skinner and Reinforcement

B.F. Skinner's theory that behavior is shaped by the consequences of actions, such as reinforcement or punishment.

Sociocultural Theory on Personality Development

The perspective that emphasizes the influence of social and cultural factors on personality development.

Horney and Basic Anxiety

Karen Horney's theory of neurosis stemming from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships.

5 Factor Model of Personality Development

A model that describes personality based on five broad dimensions:

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Four Humors Impact on Personality

The ancient theory that personality traits are influenced by the balance of bodily fluids (humors)

- blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

Erikson and Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, emphasizes the impact of social experiences across the lifespan.

Introvert

A personality trait characterized by a focus on internal thoughts and feelings rather than external stimuli.

Extrovert

A personality trait characterized by a focus on external stimuli and social interactions.

Type A,B,D Personalities

Personality typologies proposed by Friedman and Rosenman,

Type A being competitive and high-strung,

Type B being relaxed,

Type D being distressed.

Bobo Study

Half of a group of children witnessed adults violently hit a blown-up doll (bobo doll) and the other half of them did not watch. Half of the group that watched the violence was far more likely to act violently toward the Bobo doll than those who did not watch. (suggested that children learn what society deems acceptable behavior by watching and modeling others