American Gov Unit 6

**Progressive Era**

The movement that fought to help the problems of society with workers and women. 

T**he Gilded Age**

the period of materialism and political corruption between the Reconstruction Era and the Progressive Era. 

**Child Labor**

**Children were often sent and put to work to make money for their families. Children went to work rather than going to school. Since they were smaller, they could fit easier into tight places and repair things inside machines since their hands were smaller.** 

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**Muckrakers**

**journalists that helped expose the realities of society and the true issues going on in it (poverty, work conditions, political corruption)** 

**Ida Tarbell**

wrote a book exposing John D. Rockefeller for the illegal ways he brought up his oil company. 

**Jacob Riis**

Exposed the truths about tenement homes and how large families had to live in such small places and in terrible conditions. Published a book on it called “How The Other Side Lives”

**Upton Sinclair**

an undercover journalist who wrote about the realities of the meat packing industry. 

**Progressive Era Laws**

1. Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 - Restricts business practices that lead to monopolies; 1st federal law to limit monopolies.

2. Pure Food & Drug Act 1906 - 1st federal law regulating food & drugs; dangerous ingredients had to be listed on the label.

**FDA**

created in 1906 and meant to make sure foods, medicine, and medical devices were safe for the public.  

**Temperance**

18th amendment, wanted to ban alcohol use since they believed that was the cause of the increase in crimes. 

**Issues Today for industrial workers**

disputes on minimum wage

healthcare benefits

pension and retirement benefits

unions

burnouts

**Women’s Rights Movement**

the movement to get suffrage for women

**Alice Paul**

wanted the right to vote asap, wanted a federal law, had experience since she fought for rights in England, created NWP, and attracted younger suffragists to support the movement. 

**Carrie Chapman Catt**

gained the right to vote slower, went state by state, older by the 1900s so had a very traditional approach, worked with NAWSA. 

**Betty Friedan**

wrote the book “The Feminine Mystique” which discussed the problems with economic and social equality. Also founded the National Organization for Women which advocated for false expectations in the media and unequal working opportunities.  

**Gloria Steinem**

a leader in the movement and called for reforms in all areas of injustice for women. 

**President Wilson**

was too worried about bad publicity and people talking bad about the US especially since this was during WWI so he finally agreed to pass the 19th amendment (women can vote)

**19th Amendment**

people couldn’t be prevented from voting based on gender and if this wasn’t ensured, the government could force it. 

**NWP**

party created by Alice Paul that used militant tactics to push for equality and advocate for all women. 

**Title IX**

people can’t be denied due to their gender of educational activities if they’re funded by the government. 

**NOW**

National Organization for Women, the largest group at the time, had about 500,000 people. 

**Roe v. Wade**

Roe wanted an abortion but it was illegal in Texas. Roe won 7-2 and it was declared that it was legal during the first term of pregnancy. 

**Dobbs v. Jackson**

5-4 decision in June of 2022 and decided that states had the right to decide whether or not abortion was legal.

**Issues Today For Women**

gender pay gap; men are paid more than women in most workplaces. 

**AIM**

stands for American Indian Movement, advocated for the poverty and unfairness they had to go through.  

**Indian Removal Act**

Southern Americans wanted to love into the lands in present-day Alabama and Mississippi. President Jackson offered native tribes lads west of MS River in Oklahoma in exchange for the land. 

**Trail of Tears**

Forced relocation during the 1830s of eastern woodland Indians of the Southwest region(went from Alabama to Oklahoma)

**Indian Citizenship Act**

gave citizenship to Indians but they weren’t guaranteed the right to vote. 

**Termination Program**

a survey of the living conditions to show the severe poverty of the natives and the goal of this was to make sure all native Americans had equal opportunities and rights. 

**Reservation Issues**

• poor conditions

• less rep in government

• lack of running water

• lack of jobs

• more crime

• the likeliness of alcoholism

• hs dropout rate is high

• violence against native american women

**Boarding Schools/Assimilation**

Carlisle Indian Industrial School was meant to strip native children from their families and Americanize them by giving them American names, changing their clothing, teaching them English, and cutting their hair off. 

**Occupation of Wounded Knee**

Natives from the Sioux tribe occupied Wounded Knee in South Dakota in 1973, one of the poorest reserves where life expectancy was low, they worked with gov to improve conditions and to show people how bad things really were. Lasted for 71 days but Russel Means and Dennis Banks both got arrested and AIM separated but continued to advocate. 

**Occupation of Alcatraz**

Indians from all tribes took over Alcatraz Island and protested for it to be used as a native restoration, museum, and cultural center. Gov officials swept the Island of natives but people still protested. The National Park opened there in 1973. 

**Sports Mascots**

used symbols like Chief Wahoo, chiefs, redskins, Blackhawks, braves, Sioux, and Redmen

**Cesar Chavez**

a Mexican leader and labor organizer, created National Farms Worker Association, and used methods like hunger strikes, boycotts, and marches, to help secure better pay and working conditions for farmers. 

**Dolores Huerta**

Activist and leader of the Chicano Rights Movement, co-founded National Farmers Association, was a school teacher but it hurt to see so many hungry children which was ultimately why she got into activism, fought for unemployment and healthcare. 

**Immigration issue for people at the Mexican border**

many Mexicans were immigrating to California but couldn’t do so through a legal process so if they were found, they had the chance of being deported back to where they were most likely living in severe poverty. 

**DACA**

**Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (still exists)**

**DAPA**

Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and lawful permanent residents(overturned in 2017)

**LULAC**

The League of United American Citizens. The mission was to help Hispanic Americans in their struggles against prejudice and discriminations  

**La Raza**

part of the US Chicano Movement and helped get numerous Hispanic people elected in office. 

**UFW**

United Farm Workers, fought for higher wages and better working conditions. 

**Border Crisis**

Issues with people crossing the border and being undocumented. The border is 2,000 miles long and 700 is covered by a wall that Trump had built during his term.  

**Issues Today with Mexican immigrants**

Growing population, the fastest-growing minority group in the US, educational opportunities are limited, employment issues, immigration issues, and negative stereotypes.  

**Eugenics**

the practice of breeding better humans.

**Buck v. Bell**

Carrie Buck was a young woman who was sent to the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and was Feebleminded because her lawyer was the head of the sterilization center. Carrie Buck and her sister Doris Buck were both sterilized without being told and found out many years later that the regular checkup they thought they went to was actually to sterilize them. 

**I.D.E.A.**

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, focused on creating equal learning opportunities for all students even if they have disabilities.

**A.D.A.**

Americans with Disabilities Act, after the capitol crawl, the goals of the legislation were to prevent discrimination based on disability and to ensure handicap accommodations. 

**Current Issues for people with disabilities**

• Accessibility is still n1 issue for people w disabilities

• less rep in the media

• discrimination against invisible disabilities

• inaccessible media to the blind and or deaf.

**Stonewall Riots**

• June 29th, 1969,

• A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations, Against a police raid at the Stonewall Inn, in the Greenwich Village

• Marsha P. Johnson was a trans woman who started the rights movement.

• It was the first instance in American History when people in the homosexual community fought against the police instead of backing down.

**DOMA**

**Signed by Clinton in 1996, defined marriage as between a man and a woman**__**.**__ **restricted federal marriage benefits to same-sex couples and Interstate marriage recognition for opposite-sex couples.** 

**Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell**

• In 1993 President Clinton enabled, the “Don’t Ask, Don't Tell” policy, openly gay people couldn’t serve in the military

• the persecution of lesbian and gay military personnel rose instead of declining as expected

• the policy was repealed by President Obama in 2011.

**HIV/AIDS**

a disease thought to only affect or be contracted by gay people.

**Ryan White**

• a young boy who got AIDS from a contaminated blood transfusion.

• People paid more attention to the issue now since it didn’t just affect male gay people.

• This led to the creation of the Ryan White Program to raise awareness for people with HIV.

**Obergefell v. Hodges**

• In 2015, groups of same-sex couples sued their relevant start agencies in Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, challenging the constitutionality of bans on same-sex marriage, Supreme Court rules that state bans on same-sex marriages are unconstitutional(5-4),

• Violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment.