Unit 5 Agriculture and Unit 6 Industry Vocabulary Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering the key concepts, revolutions, and models of agricultural and industrial geography as presented in the lecture notes.

$1^{st}$ Agricultural Revolution

The transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining crops.

$2^{nd}$ Agricultural Revolution

A period characterized by farming mechanization and transportation improvements, such as the Mechanical Reaper and train systems.

$3^{rd}$ Agricultural Revolution

Also known as the Green Revolution, it involves the use of GMO’s, fertilizers, pesticides, and antibiotics.

Von Thünen Model

An economic model showing how agricultural land use is arranged in concentric rings around a city based on transportation costs; it can be modified by features like a river.

Subsistence Farming

A type of farming where farmers grow crops, usually staple crops, to live off of rather than to sell.

Commercial Farming

A form of agriculture where farmers grow crops to sell for commerce.

Staple Crop

A basic food item that forms a significant portion of a person's diet.

Cash Crop

A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

Agribusiness

Large-scale, industrialized farming that dominates the market, often leading family farms to shift toward sustainable or organic movements to compete.

Weber's Least Cost Theory

A theory by Alfred Weber stating that a factory's optimum location is where the costs of transporting raw materials and finished goods are at their lowest.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A measure of development based on three dimensions: health (life expectancy), education (years of schooling), and living standards ($GNI$ per capita).

HDI Weighting

Each of the three categories (health, education, and living standards) in the human development index has a weight of $\frac{1}{3}$.

MDC

More Developed Countries, which typically have higher Human Development Index rankings.

LDC

Less Developed Countries, which typically have lower Human Development Index rankings.

Core-Periphery Model

A model based on the concept of a developed core (Haves) surrounded by an undeveloped periphery (Have-Nots), where people usually shift from the periphery to the core.

Sustainable Development Goals

A set of $17$ global goals, such as No Poverty and Zero Hunger, designed to achieve a better and more sustainable future.

Primary Economic Activity

The sector of the economy focused on the extraction of natural resources, such as mining, forestry, and agriculture.

Secondary Economic Activity

The sector of the economy focused on manufacturing and industries.

Tertiary Economic Activity

The sector of the economy focused on providing services.

Quaternary Economic Activity

The knowledge-based sector of the economy, including research, information technology, and education.