Unit 5 Agriculture and Unit 6 Industry Vocabulary Review

First Agricultural Revolution: The transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining crops.
Second Agricultural Revolution: Characterized by farming mechanization and transportation improvements, including the Mechanical Reaper and train systems.
Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution): Focused on GMO's, fertilizers, pesticides, and antibiotics.

Concentric Zones: The model organizes land use around a central CITY in the following order: HORTICULTURE AND DAIRYING, FORESTRY, CROP ROTATION, ENCLOSED FIELD, THREE FIELD, and GRAZING.
Model Modifications: The spatial arrangement can be modified by geographical features such as a RIVER.
Scale: The model examples typically range from $0$ to $50\,Miles$ or $50\,Kilometers$ .

Subsistence vs. Commercial Farming: * Subsistence: Farmers grow crops to live off (staple crops). * Commercial: Farmers grow crops to sell (cash crops).
Industrialization: Agriculture is becoming highly industrialized; less than $2\%$ of USA citizens are currently farmers.
Agribusiness: Dominates the market, though family farms compete via sustainable, organic, and local food movements.
Organic vs. Conventional: Comparisons focus on yield, soil quality, ecosystem services, and minimizing energy and water pollution.

Weber's Least Cost Theory: Alfred Weber proposed that the optimum location for a factory is where the costs of transporting raw materials (RM1, RM2) and finished goods to the market are at their lowest.
Transportation Methods: * Short distance delivery: Best handled by trucks. * Takes longer than $1\,day$ : Often utilizes train systems. * Very long distance: Typically relies on ships. * Speedy delivery of small-bulk, high-value packages: Utilizes air transport.

Dimensions and Indicators: The HDI is weighted by three dimensions (Health, Education, Living Standards) and four indicators: * Life expectancy at birth. * Expected years of schooling. * Mean years of schooling. * Gross national income (GNI) per capita.
2019 HDI Rankings: * Norway: $0.957$ . * Ireland: $0.955$ . * Switzerland: $0.955$ . * Germany: $0.947$ . * Australia: $0.944$ .
Development Gap: MDC's (More Developed Countries) consistently maintain higher HDI values than LDC's (Less Developed Countries).

The Core (Haves): Characterized by higher profit value-added goods, urban centers, industry, government, financial power, and the education system.
The Periphery (Have-Nots): Rural areas providing low-wage labor and raw materials through mining, forestry, and agriculture.
Semi-Periphery: An intermediate zone between the core and periphery.
Dynamics: Often results in "Brain Drain" as people shift from the periphery to the core.

The Global Goals: Includes $17$ goals such as NO POVERTY, ZERO HUNGER, QUALITY EDUCATION, and CLIMATE ACTION.
Natural Resources: Classified as renewable or non-renewable; fossil fuels remain a primary industrial resource.
Economic Activity Levels: 1. Primary: Raw material extraction. 2. Secondary: Manufacturing. 3. Tertiary: Services. 4. Quaternary: Information and knowledge-based services.