personality psych 4th exam

maslow’s holistic-dynamic theory

based on human motivations toward action, with 5 basic assumptions of motivation
- the whole person is motivated
- motivation is usually complex
- people are continuously motivated by one need or another
- people are universally motivated by the same basic needs
- needs can be arranged in hierarchal fashion

lower order needs

esteem needs, love and belonging needs, safety needs, physiological needs

higher order needs

self-actualization

theory of prepotent needs

lower needs must be satisfied and take precedence over higher order needsin Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This means that individuals prioritize fulfilling basic needs before they can address higher-level needs.

physiological needs

lowest on the hierarchy; the most basic needs of oxygen, food, water, and maintenance of body temperature

safety needs

second lowest level in the hierarchy; protection from harm, the need for law and order. if children do not have this need met, they develop basic anxiety and become neurotic adults

love and belongingness need

middle in the hierarchy; the desire for friendship, love, companionship, and the desire to be a part of a family. maslow postulates this is where the majority of the population remainsand that fulfilling these needs is essential for emotional health and well-being.

esteem needs

second highest on the hierarchy; the need for self-respect, confidence, competence, and the respect of others. maslow distinguished between reputation and self-esteem

b-values

these are what distinguish the truly enlightened person from an individual who has satisfied all basic needs, but lives without purpose

self-actualization needs

the desire for self fulfillment, to reach one’s full potential. maslow estimated only 2% of the general population reach this

cognitive needs

not in the hierarchy; the need for knowledge, understanding, and exploration. These needs drive individuals to seek out information and experiences that enhance their cognitive abilities.

aesthetic needs

not in the hierarchy; not thought to be universal, but reflective of the idea that some people are motivated by the need for beauty and order

neurotic needs

not in the hierarchy; nonproductive needs which perpetuate an unhealthy lifestyle. seen as compensatory reactions to a failure to fulfill one or more basic needs

coping behavior

behavior specifically aimed at need satisfaction. motivated by need deficiencies

expressive behavior

more indicative of free will and encompasses how someone walks, talks, gestures, and smiles. motivated by internal forces

metamotivation

motivation based on B-values

metapathology

the lack of a meaningful philosophy in life

B-love

love for the essence or being of the other

D-love

deficiency love; in which you love another person because you are driven to satisfy your needs for self love and belongingness

need deficiencies

maslow believe neurosis and psychotic behaviors arise from ___

jonah complex

a fear of success which keeps people from becoming self-actualized

mary ainsworth

continued bowlby’s research of attachment theory, proposing that infants attachment to a caregiver differs in degree of security of attachment

attachment theory

infants need a secure base to trust their primary caregiver

secure base

a responsive caregiver provides security for an infant to explore a new environment. if adequate, child develops confidence. if inadequate, child becomes insecure

strange situation

the experiment in which a caregiver, infant, and experimenter go into a room. child is observed for signs of their attachment style based on their reaction when caregiver leaves

secure attachment

believes the caregiver will protect and provide for them; explores the environment with the parent, might protest separation from parent but shows pleasure when reunited with parent

insecure-avoidant attachment

believes the caregiver will not protect or provide; does not protest at parent’s departure, responds the same way to parent and experimenter, avoids parent upon return

insecure-resistant attachment

has uncertainty whether the parent will provide or protect safety; remains close to parent and refuses to explore, distressed at separation, mixture of approach and avoidance when parent returns

disorganized or disoriented attachment

no consistent way of dealing with the stress. typical attachment style when infant is abused or neglected

adult secure attachment

people who find it easy to get close to others and are comfortable having others feel close to them; do not fear abandonment

adult fearful/avoidant attachment

uncomfortable feeling close to another person or having that person feel close to them. difficult to trust or depend on a partner

adult preoccupied/anxious-ambivalent attachment

desperately wants to get close to a partner, but often find the partner does not reciprocate the feeling. insecure in the relationship, worries that partner does not really love them

B.F. Skinner

A behaviorist that popularized operant conditioning and created the skinner box to train rats. opposed any sort of theory and focused more on control and prediction of individual behavior.

functional analysis

linking behavior to its causal antecedents

operant conditioning

also known as type R conditioning, it links response to reinforcement. responses cause reinforcing consequences that can either increase or decrease probability of behavior happening again

reinforcer

any stimulus that increases the probability of a response

positive reinforcement

a behavior is followed by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus, increasing the probability of the behavior

negative reinforcement

a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, increasing the probability of that behavior

punisher

any stimulus that decreases the probability of a behavioral response

positive punishment

a behavior is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus, decreasing the probability of the behavior

negative punishment

a behavior is followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus, decreasing the probability of that behavior

interval schedules

time based; fixed (happens at set points) or variable (happens at variable points)

ratio schedules

based on responses; fixed (like a rat pressing a lever 3 times) or variable (like gambling)

Albert Bandura

a cognitive psychologist who executed a major revision of the reinforcement principle, known for his bobo doll study with kids and aggression through observed learning

self-efficacy

refers to expectancies about possibilities of reinforcement; two types of expectations

• outcome expectations

  • efficacy expectations

outcome expectations

the belief that the environment will provide a given reinforcement

efficacy expectations

the person’s belief that they can attain the reinforcement

encodings

the person meanings we give to events in our lives, including ourselves

expectancies and beliefs

anticipations about what our behavior, situations in which we act, and the world around us will bring

affect

colors and intensifies cognitions, making many thoughts (especially those about ourselves) ‘hot’, emotional, and an impetus to change

goals and subjective stimulus values

goals (e.g. seeking power or affection) affect the value we place on reinforcing events. these are __ __ __

competencies and self-regulatory systems and plans

our abilities, self-regulations, and ability to plan

cognitive-affective personality system

postulated by Walter Mischel’s criticisms of the personality trait. are people consistent in their behavior? over time, yes. over situations, no. person variables and situational variables.