micro exam 3

The toxin that binds inhibitory neurons, preventing the release of glycine and thus preventing muscle relaxation associated with tetanus.

Tetanospasmin

Primary cause of death in tetanus

Respiratory failure.

Natural reservoir of tetani

Soil.

Common source of food botulinism in the U.S.

Improper canning of food.

Clostridia species that causes histotoxic infection

Clostridium perfringens.

Key toxins causing colitis by C. difficile

TCDA, TCDB.

Difficile infection occurs following

Antibiotics.

Primary way to improve treatment in C. difficile colitis

Fecal matter transplants.

Enterogenic proteins for pathogenesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Pili, opa proteins, lipooligosaccharide (LOS).

Major reason for the gonorrhoeae crisis

Asymptomatic heritage in females.

Most common cohort in meningitis population

Young healthy individuals, older adolescents/adults, but mainly infants.

Major clinical outcomes of Neisseria meningitidis

Meningitis, septicemia.

Major virulence factor of meningitidis

Polysaccharide capsule.

Why is meningitis hard to treat?

Fast progression, within hours.

Toxic events and diseases due to meningitis

Lipooligossacharide (LOS).

Medications for gonorrhea also used for infection

Chlamydia.

Disease manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis

Trachoma, Lymphogranuloma venereum, nongonococcal urethritis.

Medication applied to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis

Erythromycin.

Organism indicated by acid fast bacteria in lung radiograph

Microbacteria tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is caused by

Bacteria, not a virus.

Treatment duration for tuberculosis

4 to 6 months.

Incidence of tuberculosis today

Not eradicated worldwide.

What happens to tuberculosis agents in macrophages?

They can remain dormant.

Requirements for tuberculosis transmission

Aerosol and prolonged/repeated contact.

Percentage of tuberculosis developing primary infection

10%.

Natural reservoir of microbacteria

Farm animals, armadillos.

Mycoplasma has cell walls

False.

Is Mycoplasma pleomorphic?

True.

Do Mycoplasma have sterols in cell membranes?

True.

Mycoplasma susceptibility to Beta Lactams

False.

What treats Mycoplasma?

Doxycycline and azithromycin.

Primary cause of atypical pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumonia.

Spirochetes cultivation on artificial media

False; they cannot be grown.

Diagnosis method for syphilis

Serological tests.

Stages of syphilis

Primary, secondary, tertiary, latent.

Characteristic missed in primary syphilis

Genital ulcer/canker sore.

Characteristic rash of stage 1 Lyme disease

Bullseye.

Key manifestation of chronic Lyme disease

Chronic arthritis.

Primary vector of Borrelia burgdorferi

Ixodes.

Common route of leptospirosis transmission

Water contaminated with infected animal urine.

Species shedding leptospirosis asymptomatically

Rats/rodents.

Different forms of Tularemia

True.

Types of cells infected by Tularemia

Many cell types (kidney, lung, liver, etc.).

Rickettsial pathogens type

Intracellular.

Transmission method for Rickettsial

By vectors (ticks, lice, fleas, mites).

Major clinical sign of Rickettsial

Rashes.

Common manifestation of brucella in humans

Undulant fever and nonspecific symptoms.

What does ‘mycosis’ refer to?

Human fungal disease.

What are mycotoxins?

Toxins pre-formed on fungus-infected grain, ingested by humans/animals.

B. melitensis natural reservoir

Goats.

B. abortus natural reservoir

Cattle.

B. canus natural reservoir

Dogs.

B. ovis natural reservoir

Sheep.

Ohio Valley Fever is also known as

Histoplasmosis.

Athlete’s foot is also known as

Tinea pedis.

What causes oral thrush?

Candida albicans.

Drugs for systemic fungal infections

Azoles (drug class) and Amphotericin B.

Single cell and multicellular forms of fungi

Yeasts and molds; some are dimorphic.

Major clinical manifestations of mycosis

Cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic (pulmonary).

Important opportunistic pathogens

Aspergillus, mucormycosis, cryptococcus.