micro exam 3

  1. What is the name of the toxin that binds inhibitory neurons, preventing the release of glycine and thus preventing muscle relaxation associated with tetanus?

    1. Tetanospasmin

  2. What is the primary cause of death in tetanus?

    1. Respiratory failure

  3. What is the natural reservoir of tetani?

    1. Soil

  4. In the U.S., what is the common source of food botulinism?

    1. Improper canning of food

  5. What is the clostridia species that causes histotoxic infection?

    1. Clostridium perfrigens

  6. What are two key toxins (virulence factors) that cause colitis caused by C. difficile?

    1. TCDA, TCDB

  7. Difficile infection occurs following what?

    1. Antibiotics

  8. What is the primary way that we improve treatment in C. difficile colitis?

    1. Fecal matter transplants

  9. Name 3 different enterogenic proteins of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that are important for pathogenesis and immune invasion because they have differential expression.

    1. Pili, opa proteins, lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

      1. Porin protein is a virulence factor that does not do anything

  10. Major reason for the continuing crisis of gonorrhoeae in humans?

    1. Asymptomatic heritage in females

  11. What is the most common cohort in the population of individuals with meningitis?

    1. Young healthy individuals, older adolescents/adults, but mainly infants

  12. What are the two major clinical outcomes (physiology) of Neisseria meningitidis?

    1. Meningitis, septicemia

  13. One of the major virulence factors is in meningitidis because it invades the immune system, is antiviral, and can be classified immunologically. What is it?

    1. Polysaccharide capsule

  14. Why is meningitis so hard to treat?

    1. Fast progression, within hours

  15. What are the toxic events and diseases due to meningitis? (virulence factor)

    1. Lipooligossacharide (LOS)

  16. Medications used for gonorrhea can also be used for what infection?

    1. Chlamydia

  17. What are three diesease manifectations of Chlamydia trachomatis?

    1. Trachoma, Lymphogranuloma venerum, nongonococcal urethritis

  18. What medication is applied to the eyelid to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis of trachoma?

    1. Erythromycin

  19. If I saw a radiograph of the lungs with destroyed tissue and there was a presence of acid fast bacteria, what organism would I be looking at?

    1. Microbacteria tuberculosis

  20. T/F - Tuberculosis is caused by a virus.

    1. False, caused by bacteria

  21. T/F - You can treat tuberculosis with a short course of antibiotics.

    1. False. The treatment for TB is 4 to 6 months

  22. T/F - It used to be very common for populations to get tuberculosis, but now the disease is no longer seen worldwide.

    1. False

  23. T/F - The agent of tuberculosis can remain dormant in microphages.

    1. True

  24. What are the two requirements for tuberculosis transmission?

    1. Aerosol and prolonged contact/repeated contact

  25. What infection can only a small percentage (10%) of tuberculosis cases develop into? 

    1. Primary infection, progressive

  26. Which animal is a natural reservoir of microbacteria?

    1. Farm animals, armadillos

  27. T/F - Mycoplasma has cell walls.

    1. False

  28. T/F - Mycoplasma is pleomorphic?

    1. True

  29. T/F - Mycoplasma has cell membranes containing sterols.

    1. True

  30. T/F - Mycoplasma are susceptible to Beta Lactams.

    1. False

  31. What treats mycoplasma?

    1. Doxycycline and azithromycin

  32. What is the primary cause of atypical pneumonia?

    1. Mycoplasma pneumonia

  33. T/F - Spirochetes cannot be grown on artificial media.

    1. True

  34. What do you use to diagnose a patient with syphilis?

    1. Serological tests

  35. What are the 4 stages of syphilis?

    1. Primary, secondary, tertiary, latent

  36. What is the main characteristic of primary syphilis that most people miss?

    1. Genital ulcer/canker sore

  37. What is the characteristic rash of stage 1 Lyme disease?

    1. Bullseye

  38. What is a key manifestation of chronic lyme disease?

    1. Chronic arthritis

  39. What is the primary vector of borelia burgdorferi?

    1. Lxodes

  40. What is the most common route of transmission for leptospirosi in animals and humans?

    1. Water contaminated with urine from infected animals.

  41. What species shed leptospirosis throughout their life, are major vectors for the disease, and are asymptomatic?

    1. Rats/rodents

  42. T/F - Tuleremia has a lot of different forms

    1. True

  43. T/F - Tuleremia infects many types of cells. (kidney, lung, liver, etc.)

    1. True

  44. T/F - Rickettsial are intracellular pathogens.

    1. True

  45. T/F - Rickettsial are transmitted by vectors. (ticks, lice, fleas, mites)

    1. True

  46. T/F - A major clinical sign of Ricksettial is rashes.

    1. True

  47. What is the most common manifestation of brucella in humans?

    1. Undulant fever, nonspecific symptoms such as fever, night sweats, fatigue, malaise, joint and muscle pain

  48. What does the term “mycosis” refer to?

    1. HUMAN fungal disease\

  49. Mycotoxins are …?

    1. Toxins that are pre-formed on fungus-infected grain, then ingested by humans/animals

  50. Match the species to the animal.

    1. B. melitensis - goats

    2. B. abortus - cattle

    3. B. canus - dogs

    4. B. ovis - sheep

  51. What is Ohio Valley Fever also known as?

    1. Histoplasmosis

  52. What is athlete’s foot also known as?

    1. Tinea petis

  53. What causes oral thrush?

    1. Candida albicans

  54. What are the two drugs most commonly used in systemic fungal infections? 

    1. Azoles (drug class) and Amphotericin B

  55. What is a single cell form of fungi? What is a multicelliular form of fungi?

    1. Yeasts, molds

      1. Some are dimorphic and present as both

  56. What are 3 major clinical manifestations of mycosis?

    1. Cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic (pulmonary)

  57. What are 3 important opportunistic pathogens?

    1. Aspergillius, mucomycosis, cryptococcus