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Cooperative play

When kids play together and work as a team.

Parallel play

When kids play side by side but don’t interact much.

Flexitarian

A person who mostly eats plant-based foods but sometimes eats meat.

Pincer grasp

Using your thumb and finger to pick up small things.

Ulnar grasp

Holding something with your whole hand, using the pinky side.

Tonic neck reflex

A baby turns their head, and their arm stretches out on that side.

Babinski reflex

A baby’s toes fan out when you stroke the bottom of their foot.

Oropharynx

The part of the throat behind the mouth.

Nursing caries

Tooth decay in babies caused by sugary drinks like juice or milk at bedtime.

Deciduous teeth

Baby teeth that fall out as you grow.

Object permanence

Knowing something still exists even when you can’t see it.

Failure to thrive

When a baby or child doesn’t grow as expected.

Receptive vocabulary

Words you understand when you hear them.

Expressive vocabulary

Words you can say or use.

Separation anxiety

Feeling upset when away from parents or loved ones.

Coping skills

Healthy ways to deal with stress or problems.

Cephalocaudal development

Growing from head to toe.

Proximodistal development

Growing from the center of the body out to the arms and legs.

Adaptability

Being able to adjust to changes or new situations.

Coping mechanisms

Ways people deal with hard feelings or stress.

Engrossment

A parent’s deep focus and love for their newborn.

Bonding

The close connection between a parent and a baby.

En face

When a baby and caregiver look at each other face-to-face.

Dizygotic twins

Twins from two different eggs (fraternal twins).

Monozygotic twins

Twins from one egg that splits (identical twins).

Distinct human appearance in embryos

When a tiny baby (embryo) starts to look like a human.

Blended family

A family where parents bring children from other relationships.

Alternative family

Families that are different from the traditional type (like two moms or two dads).

Extended family

Family that includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.

Nuclear family

Parents and their children living together.

Same-sex parenting

Parents of the same gender raising children.

Dual career parenting

Both parents have jobs while raising kids.

Single parenting

One parent raising a child or children.

Cohabitation

Two people living together like a couple but not married.

Human Genome Project

A science project to understand all the genes in the human body.

Allele

A version of a gene that affects how we look or act.

Environmental toxins

Harmful chemicals in the air, water, or food.

Immunizations in early childhood

Shots that protect kids from getting sick.

Infant mortality rate

The number of babies who die before their first birthday.

Life expectancy

How long a person is expected to live.

Four determinants of Health

What affects your health—your genes, behavior, environment, and healthcare.

Health status measures

Ways to tell how healthy a person or group is.

Healthy People 2030

A plan to help everyone in the U.S. live healthier lives.

World Health Organization

A group that helps improve health around the world.

Cooley’s Looking Glass Self

The idea that we see ourselves based on how we think others see us.

Charles Horton Cooley

A man who came up with the 'looking glass self' idea.

Social learning theory

The idea that we learn by watching and copying others.

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A theory that explains how children learn and think as they grow.

Sociocultural theory

The idea that we learn through people and culture around us.

Psychodynamic theory

A theory that says our early experiences shape how we feel and act.

Rationalization

Making excuses to feel better about something.

Identification

Copying someone you look up to.

Sublimation

Using feelings in a positive way, like turning anger into sports.

Reaction formation

Acting opposite of how you really feel.

Projection

Blaming others for your own feelings.

Sigmund Freud

A doctor who studied the mind and feelings.

Erik Erikson

A man who explained how people grow and face challenges at different ages.

Charles Darwin

A scientist who studied how living things change over time.

Ivan Pavlov

A scientist who showed how animals and people can learn by connecting things together (like a bell and food).

Id

The part of you that wants things now.

Ego

The part that tries to be realistic and make smart choices.

Superego

The part that knows what’s right and wrong.

Democratic child-rearing

Parents guide kids but listen to their opinions too.

Authoritarian child-rearing

Parents make all the rules with no input from kids.

Authoritative child-rearing

Parents set rules but are kind and explain why.

Permissive indulgent

Parents let kids do almost anything and rarely say no.

Rejecting/neglecting

Parents don’t give kids much attention or care.

Physical competencies

Skills like running, jumping, or using your hands.

The Family APGAR scale

A test to see how strong a family’s support system is.

Murray Bowen

A man who studied how families work together.

Behaviors that indicate a communication disorder

Trouble speaking, understanding, or using words.

Wernicke area (brain)

Helps you understand words.

Broca area (brain)

Helps you speak words.

Frontal lobe (brain)

Helps you plan, think, and make decisions.

Parietal lobe (brain)

Helps you feel touch, pain, and space.

Health maintenance organization (HMO)

A health plan where you need to see doctors in their group.

Preferred provider organization (PPO)

A health plan where you can choose doctors more freely.

The Shepherd-Towner Act of 1921

A law that helped mothers and babies get better care.

Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution

Says what powers Congress has, including health laws.

OSHA

A group that makes sure workplaces are safe.

The Federal Register

A book where the U.S. government shares new rules.

Nursing Licensure Compact

Allows nurses to work in different states with one license.