lofespan

Child Development and Behavior

• Cooperative play: When kids play together and work as a team.

• Parallel play: When kids play side by side but don’t interact much.

• Flexitarian: A person who mostly eats plant-based foods but sometimes eats meat.

• Pincer grasp: Using your thumb and finger to pick up small things.

• Ulnar grasp: Holding something with your whole hand, using the pinky side.

• Tonic neck reflex: A baby turns their head, and their arm stretches out on that side.

• Babinski reflex: A baby’s toes fan out when you stroke the bottom of their foot.

• Oropharynx: The part of the throat behind the mouth.

• Nursing caries: Tooth decay in babies caused by sugary drinks like juice or milk at bedtime.

• Deciduous teeth: Baby teeth that fall out as you grow.

• Object permanence: Knowing something still exists even when you can’t see it.

• Failure to thrive: When a baby or child doesn’t grow as expected.

• Receptive vocabulary: Words you understand when you hear them.

• Expressive vocabulary: Words you can say or use.

• Separation anxiety: Feeling upset when away from parents or loved ones.

• Coping skills: Healthy ways to deal with stress or problems.

• Cephalocaudal development: Growing from head to toe.

• Proximodistal development: Growing from the center of the body out to the arms and legs.

• Adaptability: Being able to adjust to changes or new situations.

• Coping mechanisms: Ways people deal with hard feelings or stress.

Family and Bonding

• Engrossment: A parent’s deep focus and love for their newborn.

• Bonding: The close connection between a parent and a baby.

• En face: When a baby and caregiver look at each other face-to-face.

• Dizygotic twins: Twins from two different eggs (fraternal twins).

• Monozygotic twins: Twins from one egg that splits (identical twins).

• Distinct human appearance in embryos: When a tiny baby (embryo) starts to look like a human.

• Blended family: A family where parents bring children from other relationships.

• Alternative family: Families that are different from the traditional type (like two moms or two dads).

• Extended family: Family that includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.

• Nuclear family: Parents and their children living together.

• Same-sex parenting: Parents of the same gender raising children.

• Dual career parenting: Both parents have jobs while raising kids.

• Single parenting: One parent raising a child or children.

• Cohabitation: Two people living together like a couple but not married.

Genetics and Health

• Human Genome Project: A science project to understand all the genes in the human body.

• Allele: A version of a gene that affects how we look or act.

• Environmental toxins: Harmful chemicals in the air, water, or food.

• Immunizations in early childhood: Shots that protect kids from getting sick.

• Infant mortality rate: The number of babies who die before their first birthday.

• Life expectancy: How long a person is expected to live.

• Four determinants of Health: What affects your health—your genes, behavior, environment, and healthcare.

• Health status measures: Ways to tell how healthy a person or group is.

• Healthy People 2030: A plan to help everyone in the U.S. live healthier lives.

• World Health Organization: A group that helps improve health around the world.

Learning and Thinking

• Cooley’s Looking Glass Self: The idea that we see ourselves based on how we think others see us.

• Charles Horton Cooley: A man who came up with the “looking glass self” idea.

• Social learning theory: The idea that we learn by watching and copying others.

• Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: A theory that explains how children learn and think as they grow.

• Receptive vocabulary: Words you understand.

• Expressive vocabulary: Words you can use.

• Sociocultural theory: The idea that we learn through people and culture around us.

• Psychodynamic theory: A theory that says our early experiences shape how we feel and act.

Coping Mechanisms (Examples)

• Rationalization: Making excuses to feel better about something.

• Identification: Copying someone you look up to.

• Sublimation: Using feelings in a positive way, like turning anger into sports.

• Reaction formation: Acting opposite of how you really feel.

• Projection: Blaming others for your own feelings.

Famous Thinkers

• Sigmund Freud: A doctor who studied the mind and feelings.

• Erik Erikson: A man who explained how people grow and face challenges at different ages.

• Charles Darwin: A scientist who studied how living things change over time.

• Ivan Pavlov: A scientist who showed how animals and people can learn by connecting things together (like a bell and food).

Freud's Personality Theory

• Id: The part of you that wants things now.

• Ego: The part that tries to be realistic and make smart choices.

• Superego: The part that knows what’s right and wrong.

Parenting Styles

• Democratic child-rearing: Parents guide kids but listen to their opinions too.

• Authoritarian child-rearing: Parents make all the rules with no input from kids.

• Authoritative child-rearing: Parents set rules but are kind and explain why.

• Permissive indulgent: Parents let kids do almost anything and rarely say no.

• Rejecting/neglecting: Parents don’t give kids much attention or care.

Child and Family Assessment

• Physical competencies: Skills like running, jumping, or using your hands.

• The Family APGAR scale: A test to see how strong a family’s support system is.

• Murray Bowen: A man who studied how families work together.

Communication and the Brain

• Behaviors that indicate a communication disorder: Trouble speaking, understanding, or using words.

• Wernicke area (brain): Helps you understand words.

• Broca area (brain): Helps you speak words.

• Frontal lobe (brain): Helps you plan, think, and make decisions.

• Parietal lobe (brain): Helps you feel touch, pain, and space.

Health Systems and Laws

• Health maintenance organization (HMO): A health plan where you need to see doctors in their group.

• Preferred provider organization (PPO): A health plan where you can choose doctors more freely.

• The Shepherd-Towner Act of 1921: A law that helped mothers and babies get better care.

• Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution: Says what powers Congress has, including health laws.

• OSHA: A group that makes sure workplaces are safe.

• The Federal Register: A book where the U.S. government shares new rules.

• Nursing Licensure Compact: Allows nurses to work in different states with one license.