6. Intergrum/Cromwell AQA Stuart Britain Alevel history

bark bark

as well as monarchy, what else did p get rid of in jan 1649

House of Lords, CofE

why was there tension between NMA and rump immediately after the civil war

legally rump had authority over NMA by NMA held all the power and disagreements over how to fix tension in Scotland, Ireland, and royalists

what did rump vote fro in feb 1649

abolition of the monarchy amd create a republic

what was the engagment act

jan 1649 all adult men must swear alligence to commonwealth

what was treason act

july 1650, illigal to deny authority of the republicw

what is the name leader of the scottish coventeers at this time

Argyll

how did scotland react to teh execution of kci

argyll imediately declared kcii king of Scotland

what was the rump’s reaction to Argyll making kcii king of Scotland

saw it as a major threat, brought an army to meet scottish army in scotland

who lead English army at Dunbar and why

Cromwell, Fairfax stepped down because he did not like the radicalisation of the army

what happened at battle at Dunbar

sep 1650, England started weak but defeated the Scottish army twice the size of his, furthered providence

what was the reaction in Ireland after execution of KCI

backlash about regicide,

what was OC’s response in Ireland

saw them as a serious threat, wanted to make them pay for Irish Rebellion 1641 and began to impose Protestant influence and punish Catholics, was willing to comprmise and come to agreements in settlements for those who complided but agressive to those who didnt such as drogaeda

what was Drogheda massacre

Irish Catholic stronghold was attacked, killing priests, soldiers and civilians

what did KCII do in 1651

attempted to invade England from Scotland (Dunbar) and gaining the crown by securing London, and wanted to separate himself from Scottish Presbyterians.

why did kcii’s invasion fail

many deserters so only had 13,000 troops, Scotland didn’t want to help, beaten by 6,000 NMA troops

how did the victories in Ireland and Scotland help rump

showed their control and power, and consolidated Cromwell’s position as dominant figure

how did the Dutch War hurt the Rump’s authority

previous Protestant republic allies went to war after Navigation Act passed, many people mad at this and army mad because money had to go to the navy not the army

what was the Navigation Act

1651, only allowed English ships to come to England which ruined trading relations with the Dutch, leading to the First Dutch War

what were the failures of the rump

divide over regicide,

in a bad economic state so did not have the money to make wanted reforms,

tension from Scotland and Ireland,

fearful of radicalism in army,

the dutch war,

religious divide over toleration

what was the Hale Commission

1652 put in place to consider and help reform laws

what was the Blasphemy Act

aug 1650, prevent religious toleration of quakers and ranters, hated by army

what was OC’s role in rump

moderator between army and p and forcibly dissolved it in with Harrison April 1653

why OC did dissolve the rump

didn’t feel it fell in line with his idea of godliness, was agaisnt the rump making money seperate from the army and wanted p to have more control over the army

what were some of the laws the rump reformed

laws on debtors eased.

in what year did OC dissolve the rump

1653

who did OC want as part of the FPP

trustworthy people with his religious mindset, bought in a lot of fifth monarchists

what was the name of the p that was formed and dissolved in 1653

nominated assembly and parliament of saints, little p, barebone’s p

how successful were religious radicals in PofS

quite successful for how small their numbers were, abolished Chancery and lay patronage (nepotism in the church)

how did religious radicals remove opposition from pofs

got rid of gentry JPs

how did radicals become very unpopular in PofS

already unpopular for religious beliefs with some moderates but then wanted to cut army pay, including for senior officers which annoyed everyone else

how did moderates get rid of radicals

coup by army, met to vote OC back into full power under Lord Protector as he also opposed them, coordinated by Lambert, supported by scotland

what was the Instrument of Govt

alternate constitution written by army/Lambert to put OC as LP

what did the IofG include

need a protector (OC), p elected every three years for a min. of 5 months, militia and p controlled by protector, council of state (advisors) in charge of finance and control of army.

tried to restrict parliamentary power and make army part of govt to control.

what were OC’s aims while being protector

spread freedom of religion to all protestant
secure settlement in England
secure settlement in accordance to what he promised to Irish and Scottish
wanted a new free election for p

what happened between 1653 and 54

OC and council of state ran w/o a p for 9 months, passing 83 ordinances mainly on finance w/o p consent

who were republicans in the first protectorate p

mps that liked the republic but did not want oc as king, felt he had too much power as lp

how did republicans feel about the first protectorate p

haters - saw OC and alternative monarch, didn’t think protectorate should be given control of the army, wanted to reduce army

what was the Recognition

made MPs take an oath recognising that the state was a govt ‘by a single persons and parliament’

what was the outcome on the Recgonition

very unpopular, 100 MPs refused to sign it and had to give up their seat in p

what was Biddle’s Case

1654, a teacher (Biddle) was occused of blastphamy, tried and arrested, showed p stil want for control over all religion (unlike oc)

why was the first protectorate p dissolved

sep ‘54 to jan ‘55, MPs hated IofG, refused to pay army, OC dissolved

what was the Western Design

an attack on spanish colonies, failed, feared OC as he felt it meant god wasn’t on his side anymore

why were major generals introduced

introduced 1655., fear over new royalist threat, and failure of Western Design and the first protectorate p, godly, could use tax paid only by royalists to pay them (decimation tax), definitly against royalist uprisings

what were major generals

oc split england and wales up into smaller areas and put a general from the army in charge of each section to crack down on oc reforms

what were the roles of MGs

prevent rebellions and secure regime, also made areas follow their religious views

what was the reaction to MGs

great upset as the decimation tax was used to pay them which many felt went against the Act of Pardon royalists got at the end of he civil war because most of them were not involved in royalist uprisings

when was the second protectorate govt called

1656

what caused an end to MGs

p refused to renew decimation tax and unpopular so oc removed them and he needed money for western reforms

what was the militia bill

1657, attempted to enforce and make the decimation tax permanent, didn’t get passed

what was the decimation tax

fine of 10%/year from wealthy royalists to fund local militias, unpopular as went against royalist pardon

why did OC consider taking the crown

more recognised with gentry, establishes a line of succession, easier to negotiate with p

why did OC not take up title of king

NMA very against kings, very against their religious beliefs and OC believed God spoke through NMA

what was the humble petition and advice

1657, offered OC the crown (this was removed as per his request before agreeing), allowed OC to choose line of succession, reestablished as LP,

what was the reaction to OC signing the humble petition

army hate that it offered oc the crown, caused lambert to resign

when did OC die

1658

who succeeded OC

his son Richard Cromwell

what was the reaction to RC

republicans didn’t like the protectorate anyway, saw the accession of OC’s son as hypocritical to P’s hatred of monarchy, and refused to recognize him as protector.

civilians thought since he wasnt army hed be easier to manage

when was the third protectorate p called

sep 1658

why did RC dissolve p

may 1659, too many heated debates over settling the army as a militia

what did the army do once RC dissolved p

removed him as protectorate and recalled the Rump P

why were Civilian Cromwellian and Presbyterians a threat the NMA feared

they actively aimed to weaken army influence

why were civillians fearful of army leaders

they started working with Republicans to create a new hierarchy in p

who were Quakers

type of extreme protestant that were pacifists and believed in equality and peace first

why were the traditional PN fearful of quakers

quakers wanted to secure religious freedom which they didn’t like, massive growth in numbers and beginning to infiltrate army

what began to happen to the NMA after the removal of RC

they began to divide over whether there should be a protectorate at all, especially between Scotland and England, but demands over pay caused leaders to reluctantly recall the Rump

what happened to the Council of Officers in 1659

were left in charge without a Protector, put more radical officers back in charge of NMA`

how did the relationship between Republicans and army radicals evolve in the recalled rump p

Lambert (army) and Haselrig (republican) debated who had more power in new govt, Haselrig began to alienate the army, relationship was only saved by them having to work together to stop George booth’s rising

what was george booth’s rising

aug 1659, royalist and moderate parliamentarian uprising against radicalism of the army, seen as a very serious threat, so Lambert and Haselrig had to work together, rebellion was crushed

who was George Monck

leader of Scottish NMA, originally a royalist but switched sides, was loyal to RC but began to create ties with KCII as he saw monarchy as more secure and concerns over radicalization in the army

why did a restoration seem to become a bit more popular in late 1650s

fear over Quakers grew, radicalism in the army was pushing more moderate MPs to become more conservative and begin to want the stability they had under the monarchy back

what caused the Rump to be dissolved 1559

Lambert’s army removed the rump on their return from Booths’s rising for their failure to reform

how did the army feel about having full political control

they never had interest in creating a military regime or the political side, the just wanted whoever was in politics to agree with them and be on their side

how did monck change english p

he called for those kicked out of p during pride’s purge to be recalled, basically bringing back the Long P from 1648

what did the recalled Long p do in march 1660

dissolved itself to elect a free p that stopped royalists and conservatives from being banned

what was OC’s ‘reformation of manners’

he banning of unlicesnsed ale house, may poles, theatres, sports, aka any bog meetings in public

what was the difference in the way oc was made lp in 1653, verses when he was reinstated in 1656

the first time, he wore specific puritan all black clothes, where as the second time he wore a purple robe, had a sceptre, and included chants of ‘god save the lord protector’ which was all very similar to coronation of a monarch

why did the HPaA scare p

introduced a second house of commons which scared them because it was similar to house of lords in the way it listened to oc

what were civilian and army opinions of oc being offered the crown

civilians (lawyers) like it because it gave a basis of what the extent of his powers should be and a clear line of succession
all army completely against it as they felt it was hypocritical