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Blitzkrieg
Lightning war; German invasion followed by rapid military operations.
Panzers
Battle tanks that were part of the German army.
Luftwaffe
The air force of the Wehrmacht.
Hermann Goering
German Nazi politician, convicted war criminal, heavily involved in the Holocaust.
Wehrmacht
The unified armed forces of Nazi Germany, consisting of the Army, Air Force, and Navy.
Non-Aggression Pact '39
An agreement of no attacks between Germany and the Soviet Union.
Phoney War
A lack of action on the Western Front; Britain and France prepared for war.
Russo-Finnish War '39-40
Conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland that ended with the Moscow Peace Treaty.
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of the UK, known for leadership during WWII and contribution to Allied victory.
Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo)
The evacuation of over 300,000 Allied soldiers from Dunkirk.
Vichy France
The French government in control during WWII after defeat against Germany.
Charles DeGaulle
French military leader who led forces against Nazi Germany.
Battle of Britain
Aerial battle between the Luftwaffe and the Royal Air Force for control over British skies.
Radar
Technology used to detect and locate objects, especially in air and sea.
The Blitz
German bombing campaign against the UK during WWII.
Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox)
German Marshall, known for leadership in the North Africa campaign.
Afrika Korps
A German military unit that fought in the Africa campaign.
Enigma
A cipher device used by Germany to protect military communications.
Battle of El Alamein
A major battle in which the Axis armies suffered defeat by British forces.
Bernard Montgomery
UK military leader noted for victories in Africa and Normandy.
Battle of the Atlantic
Conflict for control over the Atlantic Ocean, characterized by submarine warfare.
Convoys
Groups of ships or vehicles that travel together for mutual protection.
U-boats
German submarines used primarily during World War II.
Sonar
Technology used to detect underwater objects.
Operation Barbarossa
The invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany.
Scorched Earth Policy
Military strategy involving destruction of everything that could aid the enemy.
Siege of Leningrad
A prolonged siege by the German army against Leningrad during Operation Barbarossa.
Battle of Stalingrad
A major battle where the Soviet Union inflicted massive casualties on Germany.
Battle of Attrition
A strategy aimed at exhausting the enemy's ability to continue fighting.
Battle of Kursk
The largest tank battle in history, resulting in a Soviet victory.
Italian Campaign
Military operations leading to the liberation of Italy from Axis forces.
Wartime Conferences
Meetings held by Allied forces to discuss military operations.
Tehran '43
The first meeting of Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill to plan military strategy.
Yalta '45
Meeting of Allied leaders as they approached final victory over Nazi Germany.
Potsdam '45
Conference of Allied leaders after Germany's surrender.
Sphere of Influence
Territory where a country exerts influence without direct control.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Leadership during the Great Depression and World War II.
Josef Stalin
Leader of the Soviet Union during WWII.
Dwight Eisenhower
US military leader and president, known for planning D-Day.
Operation Overlord (D-Day)
The Allied operation that launched the liberation of German-occupied Western Europe.
Normandy
The site of the D-Day invasion where Allies won back France.
Mulberry Harbours
Temporary portable harbours used during the Allied invasion of Normandy.
Operation Market Garden
An attempt by the Allies to capture bridges in the Netherlands.
V1 (V-2) rockets
German jet-propelled missiles used in WWII.
Battle of the Bulge
A failed German effort to surprise Allied forces in the Ardennes.
Warsaw Uprising
Operation by the Polish resistance to free Warsaw from German occupation.
Berlin '45
The Soviet attack on Berlin leading to Hitler's death and German surrender.
VE Day (Victory in Europe)
Celebration of the Allies' defeat of Nazi Germany, ending the war in Europe.
Final Solution
The Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jewish population.
Heinrich Himmler
Key figure in the Holocaust, head of the SS.
Genocide
Deliberate extermination of a group based on their identity.
Einsatzgruppen (SS)
Nazi units responsible for mass shootings during the genocide.
Warsaw Ghetto
A brutal symbol of the Nazi extermination effort during the Holocaust.
Auschwitz (Concentration/Death Camps)
Notorious Nazi concentration and extermination camp.
Holocaust
Systematic genocide orchestrated by Nazi Germany, resulting in millions of deaths.
Nuremberg Trials
Trials held to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes.
