McShaff Chapter 11

Nationalism

a devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation; to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Militarism

the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy

Allies

France, Britain, Russia

Triple Entente

The Allies were also called the

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Jeannette Rankin

The first woman elected to Congress from Montana; was a pacifist and voted no on the war resolution

nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances

4 underlying causes of WWI

increased military spending

What did the growth of nationalism and imperialism lead to

Germany

Which was the strongest nation on the European continent in 1890

Wilhelm II

Kaiser of Germany during WWI

alliance

a formal agreement of union between nations

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Powder Keg of Europe

What was the Balkan Peninsula known as

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

July 28, 1914

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

August 1, 1914

Germany declares war on Russia

August 3, 1914

Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.

refugee

a person who flees in search of protection or shelter, as in times of war or religious persecution

Marne River in France

Where the Allies halted the German advance in September 1914

front line, support, reserve

Three types of trenches

Dugouts

Shelters dug into the sides of hills

No Man's Land

a barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire

July 1, 1916

Battle of the Somme

Mid-November

The Battle of Somme ended

60,000

How many casualties did the British suffer during the first day of the battle of Somme

1\.2 million

Final casualties of the Battle of Somme

Trench Warfare

armies fought for mere yards of ground

Rivalries

What does nationalism lead to in Europe

Black Hand Organization

an organization promoting Serbian nationalism

Arms Race

a competition between nations to have the most powerful army

Sarajevo

where Franz Ferdinand was assassinated

saps

Shallower trenches in "no man's land,"

machine-gun nests, grenade throwing positions, and observation posts.

what did saps allow access to

Belgium

Where did Germany attack to get to France

It was 3,000 miles away and didn't threaten American lives or property

Why did most Americans see no reason to join the struggle in the war?

William Jennings Bryan

US lawyer and politician who was a pacifist

Socialists

People who criticized the war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies in China, Africa, and the Middle East

Pacifists

People who believed that war was evil and that the US should set an example of peace to the world

$2.3 billion

By 1917, how much had American banks loaned to the Allies

$27 million

By 1917, how much had American banks loaned to the Central Powers

William McAdoo

Treasury secretary who felt that American prosperity depended upon an Allied victory

common ancestry and language and similar democratic institutions and legal systems

Why did Americans feel close to Britain at the beginning of the war

the bully of Europe

What was Germany referred to by one American magazine

labor shortage

By 1915, what was the US experiencing due to the Allie's high demand for war supplies

To ensure Allied repayment of debts to U.S. and to prevent Germans from threatening U.S. shipping

Two reason why America had mobilized for war in 1917

blockaded the German coast

Britain began to make more use of its naval strength by preventing weapons and other military supplies from getting through by doing what

Food

What did contraband include during the British blockade

blocked neutral ports and mined the entire North Sea

What besides a blockade did Britain do with its naval power

750,000

How many Germans starved to death as a result of the British blockade

U-boats

What did Germany use in response to the British blockade

Unterseeboot

German submarine (U-boat)

May 7, 1915

Date of the sinking of the Lusitania

1,198

How many people died in the sinking of the Lusitania

128

How many Americans died in the sinking of the Lusitania

Arabic

British liner sunk by a U-boat, drowning 2 Americans

Sussex

French passenger ship that Germany sunk, killing or injuring about 80 passengers

Wilson

Who did the democrats renominate in the 1916 presidential election

Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes

Who did the republicans nominate in the 1916 presidential election

"He kept us out of war"

Wilson's campaign slogan in 1916

League for peace

Wilson hoped that all nations would join this after his speech calling for "a peace without victory... a peace between equals"

January 31, 1917

Germany announced it was resuming unrestricted submarine warfare; they would sink any ship found in British waters

Zimmerman Note

a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico that proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany and promised that if war with the United States broke out, Germany a would support Mexico in recovering lost territory

Texas, New Mexico, Arizona

what pieces of land were discussed in the Zimmerman note?

Democracies against brutal monarchies

What could supporters of American entry into the war claim that it was a war of

"Safe for Democracy"

The U.S. reason for entering WWI. The Russian Czar had been overthrown and replaced with a democratic government meaning that all the Allied powers were democracies

Eddie Rickenbacker

Famous fighter pilot of World War I who engaged in 134 air battles and downed 26 enemy aircraft

American ace of aces

Eddie Rickenbacker

200,000

How many men were in service when war was declared in the U.S.

Selective Service Act

Act that required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service in 1917

24 million men

How many men had registered under the selective service act by the end of 1918

3 million

How many of the 24 million registered men got called up for war

2 million

How many US troops reached Europe before the truce was signed

400,000

How many African Americans served in the armed forces?

369th Infantry Regiment

all-black regiment that saw more continuous duty on the front lines than any other American regiment

Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts

Two soldiers of the 369th infantry were the first American soldiers to receive the French Croix de Guerre

cross of war

What does Croix de Guerre mean

8 months

How many months did the training of US troops take

17 hrs

How many hours a day did US troops train for

Rocks

What did soldiers train with instead of grenades

wooden poles

What did soldiers train with instead of rifles

13,000

How many women accepted noncombat positions in the navy and marines

Nurses, Secretaries, and Telephone Operators

What did women serve as in the navy and marines with full military rank

the government exempted many shipyard workers from the draft and gave others a deferred classification

What was the first step in order to expand the US fleet

The US Chamber of Commerce joined in a public relations campaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard work

What was the second step in order to expand the US fleet

Shipyards used prefabrication techniques

What was the third step in order to expand the US fleet

The government took over commercial and private ships and converted them for transatlantic war use

What was the fourth step in order to expand the US fleet

95

Ho man ships did the US launch on July 4, 1918 as a result of the third step of the expansion of the US fleet

American Vice Admiral William S. Sims

convinced the British to try the convoy system

Convoy System

A heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups; cut shipping losses in half

230 miles

How long was the barrier of mines across the North Sea from Scotland to Norway

637

Of the 2 million Americans who sailed to Europe during the war, how many were lost to U-boat attacks

Joseph Douglas Lawrence

U.S. Army lieutenant, remarked on the importance of American enthusiasm when he described his first impression of the trenches

American Expeditionary Force

The US forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I

General John J. Pershing

commander of the American Expeditionary Force

Doughboys

American infantry men were called this

Mechanized Warfare

warfare reliant on the use of gas or diesel engines, tanks, airplanes

caterpillar treads

What did tanks run on