Metabolism, Energy Balance, and Nutrition Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from the lecture notes on metabolism, energy balance, and nutrition.

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in the body.

Catabolism

Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules.

Anabolism

Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules to form complex molecules.

Oxidation

The removal of electrons from a molecule, resulting in decreased energy content.

Reduction

The addition of electrons to a molecule, resulting in increased energy content.

NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

A coenzyme used by living cells to carry hydrogen atoms.

FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)

A coenzyme used by living cells to carry hydrogen atoms.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

Krebs Cycle

A series of biochemical reactions that occur in the matrix of mitochondria and release the energy stored in intermediate substances derived from pyruvic acid.

Electron Transport Chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane that are capable of a series of oxidation-reduction reactions.

Glycogenesis

The conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and skeletal muscle.

Glycogenolysis

The conversion of glycogen back to glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

The conversion of protein or fat molecules into glucose.

Lipogenesis

The conversion of glucose or amino acids into lipids. Stimulated by insulin.

lipoproteins

lipids transported in the blood in combination with proteins

Lipolysis

Triglycerides are split into fatty acids and glycerol under the influence of hormones.

Ketogenesis

Formation of ketone bodies

Ketosis

Excess of ketone bodies; may cause acidosis

Metabolic Rate

The overall rate at which heat is produced.

BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)

Measurement of the metabolic rate under basal condidtions

TMR (Total Metabolic Rate)

Total energy expenditure by the body per unit of time.

Feeding (hunger) center and the satiety center

Centers in the hypothalamus related to the regulation of food intake.

Emotional Eating

Eating in response to emotions.

Core Temperature

The body’s temperature in body structures below the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Shell Temperature

The body’s temperature at the surface, that is, the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Radiation

Transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object without physical contact.

Evaporation

Conversion of a liquid to a vapor.

Conduction

Transfer of body heat to a substance or object in contact with the body.

Convection

Transfer of body heat by a liquid or gas between areas of different temperature.

Fever

An elevation of body temperature that is due to resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat.

Obesity

Body weight more than 20% above desirable standard as the result of excessive accumulation of fat.