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learning
the changing of behavior in response to experience
associative learning
linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together
habituation
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
behaviorism
the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
unconditioned reaction
a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
conditioned reaction
learned reaction to a CS that occurs because of previous conditioning
aquisition
when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
discrimination (classical conditioning)
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
generalization (classical conditioning)
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
extinction
the end of a CR after the lack of an association
spontaneous recovery
the return of a CR after paired with same conditions for conditioning
counter-conditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
higher-order conditioning
occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
Little Albert
subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
John Garcia- taste aversion experiment
the avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming the food - tested rats using nausea (radiation) vs. shocks following the consumption of food, rats that were nauseated avoided food
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
law of effect (Thorndike)
how a behavior followed by a reward is is strengthened and more likely repeated
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats
operant chamber
a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
discriminative stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
shaping
procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
generalization (operant conditioning)
organism responds to different stimuli in similar ways in order to elicit a reinforcer
discrimination (operant conditioning)
organism responds only to discriminative stimulus to elicit a reinforcer
extinction (operant conditioning)
decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced
over-justification effect
the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing
primary reinforcers
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
secondary/conditioned reinforcers
events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
preparedness
a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value
instinctive drift
tendency to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
reinforces desired response every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
reinforces response part of the time
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforces a response after a specified # of responses. ex: cookie every 5 questions answered
variable-ratio schedule
reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses. ex: slot machines
fixed interval schedule
reinforces a response only after a specified amount of time. ex: break after working for 3 hours
variable interval schedule
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. ex: pop quizzes