AP Euro History Period 1 (1450-1648) Review

Italian Humanism

• system of learning that produced a cultural renewal

• new focus on humanity and society instead of god and the afterlife

• the perfectibility of man

Civic Humanism

• using your education in service of the state

• promoted diverse education so you could be a well-rounded individual

Patrons

• a supporter of the arts

• someone who commissions a work of art or provides a salary for an artist

• helped to elevate the status of artists in society

• (The Medicis, Julius II, Borgias)

Italian Renaissance Art

• more realistic depictions of the human body

• pyramid construction, realistic light source, perspective, use of vanishing points

• oil on canvas–could work on a painting longer since it dried slowly and artists could produce a better color gradient

• (da Vinci, Donatello, Michelangelo, Raphael)

Machiavelli

• from Italy

• The Prince, how to maintain power

• “it is better to be feared than loved,” be cruel when necessary, appear to be virtuous but not actually be virtuous

Erasmus

• Dutch Christian humanist

• harshly criticized the Catholic Church

• first editor of the New Testament

• In Praise of Folly, foolishness brings people happiness and keeps people productive

Martin Luther

• German

• leader of the Protestant Reformation

• 95 Theses, saw corruption in the Catholic Church

• sought to remove indulgences

John Calvin

• French theologian and pastor during Protestant Reformation

• Calvinism, predestination, regulating public morals (outlawing drinking, gambling, singing, and dancing)

Henry VIII

• king of England (1509-1547)

• Act of Supremacy

• daughters Elizabeth I and Mary I

Act of Supremacy

• Pope Clement VII refused to grant Henry VIII divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon

• 1534, recognized Henry VIII as “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

• separated Anglican Church from the Catholic Church

Elizabeth I

• ruled from 1558-1603, “glorious reign”

• daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn

• compromise between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

• established East India Company

Copernicus

• from Poland

• heliocentric system (planets orbit around the sun, turns on its own axis)

Galileo

• Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer (polymath)

• discovered moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus, rings of Saturn

• invented telescope

Newton

• English polymath

• created laws of motion and gravity

• invented calculus

William Harvey

• English physician

• first person to correctly describe blood’s circulation in the body, showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit

Empiricism

theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience (nuture, not nature)

Francis Bacon

• English philosopher and statesman

• argued scientific knowledge is obtained after making observations and then utilizing inductive reasoning to interpret observation (empiricism)

• scientific method (observing, measuring, and experimenting to test and refine hypotheses)

Rene Descartes

• French philosopher and scientist

• deductive reasoning (beginning with a general idea or concept, then making observations to come up with more specific premise, coming to a conclusion based on inferences)

• “I think, therefore I am”

Christian/Northern Humanism

• religious form of humanism; a reexamining of Christian teachings

• wanted to get back to the original teachings of Christ

• paved the way for the Reformation

Northern Renaissance Art

• more depictions of everyday life

• realistic but not idealized

• minute detail

• (Titian, Durer, van Eyck, Bosch)

“Renaissance Man”

• well rounded individual who has interests in many different fields

• da Vinci is an example – art, play sets, anatomy, landscape

Motivations for Exploration/Imperialism

gold, god, glory

Social Causes of the Reformation

• the Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church (people came to value their personal conscience)

• the printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church

Political Causes of the Reformation

• powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe

• many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

Economic Causes of the Reformation

• European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth

• merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church

Religious Causes of the Reformation

• some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt

• many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable

95 Theses

• 1517, Luther posted his Theses on the church door in Wittenberg

• disagreed with the sale of indulgences, which promised salvation for one’s sins or the sins of a loved one after purchasing icons from the church

Diet of Worms

• 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V summoned Martin Luther

• Luther refused to recant

Edict of Worms

• decree which condemned Luther as “a notorious heretic”

• banned citizens of the Empire from propagating his ideas

Goals of Counter Reformation

in response to the Reformation, wanted to gain back followers that were lost to Lutheranism

Council of Trent

• 1545 and 1563, to address challenges by Protestant Reformation

• mostly reaffirms the Catholic doctrine

• salvation still consisted of faith and good works

• clergy were still needed to interpret the Bible

• no reconciling with the Protestants

• outlaw indulgences and need to reign in the corruption in the Catholic Church

Baroque Art

• tool of the Counter Reformation, commissioning elaborate works of art

• still life and portraits

• dramatic writing, movement or captured action, still realistic/idealized human bodies

• (Rembrandt, Caravaggio)

Catholicism v. Lutheranism

• salvation: faith and good works / sola fida (faith alone)

• location: Italy, Spain, and France / Northern Europe

• clergy: pope, only clergy can give sacraments / “priesthood of all believers”

Goals of Jesuit Order

supposed to reconvert European Protestants but mostly converted colonized people in the Americas and parts of Asia

Peace of Augsburg

• 1555, treaty between Charles V (HRE) & the Schmalkaldic League

• German princes had the right to pick the religion of their region (Protestant or Catholic)

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• marriage of Henry of Navarre to Margaret Valois

• when all the Protestants are in town for the wedding the Catholics murdered all of them in Paris, spreads to countryside

Thirty Years War

• 1618-1648

• cause: began as a local conflict over the right to practice Calvinism then spread to most of Europe, becoming a political conflict

• defenestration of Prague: throwing Catholic officials from castle window in Bohemia

Peace of Westphalia

• 1648, ended Thirty Years War

• accepted Calvinism

• fragmented HRE because Europe wanted to keep it from uniting (balance of power)

Edict of Nantes

• 1598, gives limited toleration to the Huguenots

• passed by King Henry IV