Lifespan Exam 1

Freud’s Theory

psychosexual theory, which emphasizes that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development. id, ego, and superego—become integrated during five stages

Erikson’s Theory

psychosocial theory, Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society.

B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning theory.

frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers, such as food, praise, or a friendly smile, or decreased through punishment, such as disapproval or withdrawal of privileges.

Social Learning Theory-Albert Bandura

children gradually become more selective in what they imitate. From watching others engage in self-praise and self-blame and through feedback about the worth of their own actions, children develop personal standards for behavior and a sense of self-efficacy—the belief that their own abilities and characteristics will help them succeed. Social learning theory recognizes that children acquire many skills through modeling.

Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their worl

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Vygotsky’s (1934/1987) perspective, called sociocultural theory, focuses on how culture—the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group—is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, social interaction—in particular, cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society—is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture.

Ecological Systems Theory

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) is responsible for an approach that rose to the forefront of the field because it offers the most differentiated and complete account of contextual influences on development. Ecological systems theory views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment

The Microsystem

person’s immediate surroundings. Bronfenbrenner emphasized that to understand development at this level, we must keep in mind that all relationships are bidirectional: Adults affect children’s behavior, but children’s biologically and socially influenced characteristics—their physical attributes, personalities, and capacities—also affect adults’ behavior

The Mesosystem

encompasses connections between microsystems. For example, a child’s academic progress depends on parent involvement in school life and on the extent to which academic learning is carried over to the home

The Exosystem

social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences in immediate settings. These can be formal organizations, such as the management in the individual’s workplace,

The Macrosystem

consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. The priority that the macrosystem gives to the needs of children and adults affects the support they receive at inner levels of the environment.

Prescription and Nonprescription drugs

Vitamin A derivitive, exposure during 1st trimester results in eye, ear, skull, brain, heart, and immune system abnormmalities.

Coffee, tea, cocoa contain caffiene, high doses increases the risk of low birth weight which can increases risk of low birth weight at high doses

Illegal Drugs

babies are at high risk for wide variety of problems, prematurity, low birth weight, brain abnormalities, physical defects, breathing difficulties, death

often feverish, irritable, trouble sleeping common among dtressed newborns. can create long term issues during devleopment

Tobacco

low birth weight, increases of miscarriage, prematurity, cleft lip, bloodvessel abnormlaities, impaired heart rate and breathing when sleeping, asthma

less attentitive to sounds, more muscle tension, colic, excitable when touched

Nicotine damages blood vessels, CNS, and slows fetuses growth

Alcohol

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- slow physical growth, three facial abnormalites, brain injury, defects eyes, nose, throat, heart

Partial fetal alcohol syndrome- 2 of 3 facial abnormalites and brain damage

Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder- three areas of mental functioning are impaired

Overall- alcohol imapirs motor coornidation, spped of infomation processing, and intelligence

Environmental Pollution

lead- prematurirty, low birth weight, brain damage, and physical defects

dioxins- thyroid abnormalities, can cause dramatic change in sex ratio in offspring

Smog/traffic pollution- associated with reduced infant head size, low birht weight, elevated infant death rate, impaired lung and immune system functioning

Nutrition

Malnutrition can cause serious damage to CNS, poorer diet increases greater lose in brain weight, internal organ growth, distort internal structures like liver, kidney, and pancrease and cardiovascular system

Stress

Miscarriages, prematurity, low birth weight, digestive illness

found to later impair physical and psychological well-being and can permanently alter fetal neurological functioning