Biology: Cells, Systems, and Organ Functions

Flashcards covering key concepts about cells, plant and animal systems, digestion, excretion, and the endocrine system.

What are the building blocks of an organism?

Cells, tissues, organs, and systems.

What type of tissue do vascular plants contain?

Vascular tissue.

What are the three main types of plant tissues?

Dermal, ground, and vascular tissues.

What organ systems do vascular plants have?

Root system and shoot system.

What is the function of xylem tissue in plants?

Transports water and minerals.

What is the role of phloem tissue in plants?

Transports sugars and nutrients.

What is transpiration in plants?

The passive movement of water up the xylem and its exit via the stomata.

How do guard cells regulate transpiration?

They open and close the stomata by pumping potassium ions in and out.

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

To break down large food molecules into smaller forms that can be absorbed.

In which part of the body does digestion begin?

Oral cavity.

What is the function of the stomach in digestion?

To churn food and chemically break it down into chyme.

What role does bile play in digestion?

Emulsifies fats.

What does the pancreas secrete to neutralize acids?

Bicarbonate.

What occurs in the small intestine?

Digestion and absorption of nutrients into the blood.

How does the excretory system benefit the body?

Removes waste substances and regulates water and ion concentrations.

What is urea and why must it be removed?

A less toxic form of ammonia that must be excreted to prevent toxicity.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Filter blood, reabsorb useful substances, and secrete unwanted ones.

What is the role of the endocrine system?

Produces hormones that regulate various body functions.

What do hormones influence in the body?

Growth, metabolism, and maintenance of stable internal environments.