Studied by 2 people
Role of Women in Wars
WW1
What happened to the role of women in the workforce during World War I?
Women flooded into the workplace like never before, taking up occupations traditionally monopolized by men.
Which group of women entered the workforce in greater numbers during World War I?
Middle-class women entered the workforce in greater numbers than ever before, gaining social independence with their independent income.
What impact did the wartime contributions of women have on women's suffrage?
The wartime contributions of women, combined with political necessities, led to the expansion of the franchise to women in many countries.
How did the emancipation of women during World War I affect their perception in society?
Women gained confidence and it became harder to sustain the view that women were essentially part of home life.
What freedoms did women enjoy during World War I?
Women enjoyed freedom and mobility, as well as social and sexual freedom.
Was the emancipation of women in towns and cities during the 1920s also seen in rural areas?
No, the emancipation of women in towns and cities in the 1920s was often not seen in rural areas.
Did women still face discrimination and double standards despite changing male attitudes?
Yes, women still faced discrimination and double standards despite changing male attitudes.
CCW
What proportion of China's workforce and secondary-school students did women make up by the late 20th century?
Around 40%.
What proportion of members in China's parliament were women, surpassing most parliaments in Western Europe?
One in five.
What improvements did the Chinese Revolution bring for women in terms of marriage and family?
Bigamy was outlawed, forced marriages and keeping women as concubines were discouraged, and women were given the right to divorce.
What rights did women gain as a result of new laws during the Chinese Revolution?
They received equal legal and educational rights.
What was the aim of the communist regime regarding traditional family ties and gender equality?
The regime wanted to weaken oppressive traditional family ties and promote greater equality among women, emphasizing loyalty to the community and state.
What opportunities did women have within the Communist Party that were rare before?
They had opportunities for responsibility within the party.
Despite propaganda and educational campaigns, what persisted regarding attitudes towards women?
Old attitudes persisted, making it challenging to sweep away centuries of tradition regarding gender equality.
In what roles did women participate in the Communist and Nationalist armies during the war?
Women fought alongside men as soldiers and guerrilla fighters.
What contributions did women make in terms of propaganda and education during the war?
Women organized literacy campaigns, established schools, and distributed literature promoting communist ideology, women's rights, and gender equality.
How did women contribute to medical support during the war?
Women worked as nurses, doctors, and other medical professionals, providing care to soldiers and civilians.
What legal reforms were introduced by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to improve women's rights?
The PRC introduced the 1950 Marriage Law, which abolished arranged marriages, gave women the right to choose their partners, own property, and inherit from their parents.
What emphasis did the CCP place on education and employment opportunities for women?
The government established free primary education, promoted literacy campaigns, and encouraged women to join the workforce in skilled and professional jobs.
How were women encouraged to participate in politics during this time?
Women were encouraged to join the Communist Party, and the All-China Women's Federation was established in 1949 to promote women's rights and political participation.
What concept did the CCP promote regarding gender roles and stereotypes?
The CCP promoted the idea of gender equality, working to eliminate traditional gender roles and stereotypes, and encouraging women's participation in traditionally male-dominated activities.
WW2
How many women participated in the production of war materials by 1945?
Approximately 22 million women participated in the production of war materials by 1945.
Why did the Nazis have to compromise their ideals of pure womanhood during the war?
The Nazis had to rely on women in factories and essential services.
What roles did women play in Britain and the USA during the war?
Women worked in factories, farms, transport, and armed services, learning new skills such as driving and piloting aircraft.
How many women served in the armed forces during the war?
Approximately 320,000 women served in uniform in the USA, and women were conscripted in key areas in Britain.
What roles did women play in guerrilla warfare and partisan fighting?
Women played combatant roles and faced the consequences of defeat, death, or capture.
What were the contributions of women in the Soviet army, Chinese communist armies, and post-war liberation movements in Asia?
Women played important roles in the Soviet army, Chinese communist armies, and post-war liberation movements in Asia.
What support measures for working women with families did not survive in post-war Britain?
Support measures such as cheap restaurants and childcare did not survive in post-war Britain.
What was the tension faced by women after the war?
There was tension between the independence gained during the war and the desire to return to pre-war norms.
What influence did the war have on post-war feminist movements and campaigns?
The war influenced the growth of post-war feminist movements and campaigns for equal pay and rights.
How did women in war-devastated countries face challenges?
Women in war-devastated countries faced challenges of survival rather than liberation.
What was the situation regarding gender equality in totalitarian states during the war?
Totalitarian states promoted official equality of reward and status, although traditional gender roles often persisted at the local level.
What impact did the end of Nazi and fascist rule have on women's roles?
The end of Nazi and fascist rule brought women into political and community life but also reinforced traditional gender roles in consumer capitalism.
Treaty of Versailles and Nazism
What was the war guilt clause in the Treaty of Versailles?
The war guilt clause placed full responsibility for the war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.
How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to the rise of nationalist and extremist movements?
The Treaty allowed for the rise of nationalist and extremist movements, such as fascism and Nazism.
What were the territorial losses imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles?
The Treaty imposed significant territorial losses on Germany.
How did the territorial losses contribute to German resentment and nationalism?
The territorial losses fueled German resentment and nationalism.
What impact did the Treaty of Versailles have on the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party?
The Treaty of Versailles contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in the 1930s.
How would you define fascism?
Fascism is a political ideology and system of government characterized by a centralized, authoritarian government, totalitarianism, and suppression of individual liberties.
What are some key features of fascism?
Fascism promotes a specific national or ethnic identity, uses propaganda, censorship, and violence to control the population, and aims to create a homogeneous society.
Where did fascism emerge in the early 20th century?
Fascism emerged in Europe, particularly in Italy under the leadership of Benito Mussolini and in Germany under Adolf Hitler.
What were the leaders associated with the rise of fascism?
The leaders associated with the rise of fascism were Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany.
What were some ideological causes behind the rise of Nazism?
Nazi ideology, which included beliefs in the superiority of certain races, the elimination of Jews, and the expansion of German living space (Lebensraum).
How did the Nazis view communism?
The Nazis saw communism as a threat and fought against it, considering it an ideological enemy.
What was the Nazi stance on dealing with Jews?
The Nazis viewed Jews as the natural enemy and believed in their elimination, as they believed it would protect the purity of the German race.
What was the concept of "Lebensraum" in Nazi ideology?
Lebensraum referred to the idea of creating living space for the German people through territorial expansion, often at the expense of other nations.
What was the Nazi belief regarding superior and inferior races?
The Nazis believed in the superiority of certain races, such as the Germans, and advocated for the enslavement or subjugation of what they considered to be inferior races, such as the Slavs.
How did German foreign policy incorporate ideological elements?
German foreign policy under the Nazis included ideological elements, such as the pursuit of territorial expansion, the promotion of Aryan supremacy, and the persecution and elimination of groups deemed undesirable by Nazi ideology.
What were the main factors driving the shift of World War II?
The shift of World War II was driven by a conflict over the balance of power in Europe and the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, as well as by Nazi ideology and the ideological struggle between Nazism and Communism.
What were the key elements of the conflict in World War II?
The conflict in World War II involved a struggle for power and influence in Europe, driven by competing ideologies such as Nazism and Communism.
How did Nazi ideology contribute to the shift of World War II?
Nazi ideology, with its beliefs in Aryan supremacy, territorial expansion, and the elimination of certain groups, played a significant role in driving the shift of World War II.
What was the ideological struggle in World War II?
World War II witnessed an ideological struggle between Nazism, which advocated for a totalitarian, racially superior state, and Communism, which promoted a classless society and the abolition of private property.
How did the conflict over ideology impact the course of World War II?
The conflict over ideology between Nazism and Communism shaped the alliances and strategies of various countries during World War II, influencing the course of the war and its ultimate outcome.
What is the concept of "Judeo-communism"?
"Judeo-communism" is a conspiracy theory that suggests communism is a Jewish conspiracy aimed at global domination.
When did the term "Judeo-communism" emerge and how was it used?
The term "Judeo-communism" emerged in the 1930s and was employed by Nazi propaganda to connect Jews with communism, portraying it as a threat to Nazi ideology. This propaganda served as a justification for the persecution of Jews and other targeted groups.
How did the Nazis use the concept of "Judeo-communism"?
The Nazis utilized the concept of "Judeo-communism" as a propaganda tool to justify their persecution of Jews and other individuals they deemed to be enemies of their ideology and state.
What impact did the notion of "Judeo-communism" have on the treatment of Jews during the Nazi era?
The concept of "Judeo-communism" played a significant role in the justification of the persecution of Jews by the Nazis. It fueled antisemitism and provided a rationale for targeting Jews as enemies of the state.
How did World War I end?
Germany was defeated by France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States.
What were the key provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?
The Treaty forced Germany to accept responsibility for the destruction, imposed restrictions on its armed forces, and demanded territorial losses.
How did the Nazis exploit the perceived harshness of the Treaty of Versailles?
The Nazis propagated the idea that Germany had been betrayed by Communists, liberals, and Jews.
What were the challenges faced by the Weimar Republic in the 1920s?
The Weimar Republic faced economic turmoil, political instability, and a loss of confidence in the government.
When was the Nazi Party formed, and who was its leader?
The Nazi Party was formed in 1919, with Adolf Hitler as its leader.
What impact did the Great Depression have on Germany?
The Great Depression worsened Germany's economic conditions and contributed to the rise of the Nazi party.
How did the Nazis spread their ideology and destabilize Germany?
The Nazis used propaganda, staged street fights, and engaged in electoral politics.
When did Adolf Hitler become Chancellor, and what did it signify?
Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, marking the beginning of the Third Reich and the expansion of Nazi ideology.
What discriminatory policies were implemented against Jews in Germany?
Jews were excluded from society, subjected to book burnings, and faced the Nuremberg Laws.
What was the significance of Kristallnacht?
Kristallnacht unleashed state-organized violence against Jews and escalated their persecution.
What triggered the start of the Second World War?
Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 initiated the war.
How did the Second World War end?
Germany surrendered to the Western Allies in 1945, and Japan surrendered in September 1945.
USA’s role in WWII – policy of Isolationism
What is isolationism?
Isolationism is the belief that a country should not engage in binding agreements with other nations unless those agreements directly affect its own interests.
What was Franklin D. Roosevelt conflicted about?
Franklin D. Roosevelt was conflicted because there was a public demand for economic recovery and staying away from European ideologies, but there were also America's wider economic and strategic interests connected to events in Europe and Asia.
What types of military equipment did the US provide to Britain under the Lend-Lease program?
The US provided Britain with aircraft, tanks, ships, and ammunition.
Why was the Lend-Lease program critical for Britain's fight against Nazi Germany?
The Lend-Lease program was critical because it provided vital military equipment and supplies that allowed Britain to continue the fight against Nazi Germany, especially when they were the only major Allied power fighting against Germany in the early stages of the war.
Besides military equipment, what other types of support did the US provide to Britain under the Lend-Lease program?
The US provided significant financial assistance to Britain, including loans and credit, which helped to finance Britain's war effort.
What was the overall significance of the Lend-Lease program for the Allied war effort?
The Lend-Lease program played a crucial role in supporting Britain and strengthening the Allied war effort against Nazi Germany by providing essential military equipment and financial assistance.
USA’s role in Europe and the Pacific – WWII
When did the Battle of Midway take place?
The Battle of Midway took place during World War II.
Who were the opposing sides in the Battle of Midway?
The United States and Japan were the opposing sides.
What was Japan's objective in the Battle of Midway?
Japan planned to invade the Midway Atoll and destroy the US Pacific Fleet.
What strategic location was the Midway Atoll?
The Midway Atoll was located between Hawaii and Japan.
How did the US gain the upper hand in the Battle of Midway?
The US launched a surprise attack on the Japanese fleet, destroying several Japanese aircraft carriers.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Midway?
The outcome of the Battle of Midway was a decisive victory for the US.
Why was the Battle of Midway considered a major turning point in the war?
The Battle of Midway was considered a major turning point because it stopped the Japanese advance and inflicted significant losses on the Japanese Navy.
What effect did the Battle of Midway have on Japanese expansion in the Pacific?
The Battle of Midway forced the Japanese Navy to abandon its plans for further expansion in the Pacific.
How did the Battle of Midway impact the overall course of the war in the Pacific?
The Battle of Midway shifted the momentum in favor of the US and marked a significant setback for Japan, altering the balance of power in the region.
Note
Flashcard