Reformation, Exploration, Colonization

World History Test #2

What were some Church Abuses?

Clergy would compete for political power, they enjoyed an unfair lavish lifestyle, and they were uneducated so they couldn’t serve the people.

When did Johann Tetzel come to sell indulgences?

1517

Where did Johann Tetzel come to sell indulgences?

Wittenburg, Germany

Why did Luther write the 95 theses?

Indulgences being sold to the commoners were causing them to lose money to the church for the sole benefit of the clergy, when really their faith should be their ticket to heaven.

What ideas did Luther argue in the 95 theses?

Indulgences had no basis in the bible, the pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory, and Christians could be saved only through faith.

Who was Martin Luther?

German Monk who wrote the 95 theses and led the revolt that led to the Church Reformation

How did the 95 theses get so popular?

The newly invented printing press

What happened at the Diet of Worms?

Church calls Luther to recant, however he refuses and is exocommunicated and declared an outlaw.

What were some new denominations that came from the spread of protestantism?

Calvinism, Anabaptism, Anglicanism

What was Anglicanism?

Created by Henry VII because the pope wouldn’t annul his marriage. Anglicanism made the King the head of the new church of England.

What were some Counter Reformations?

The Council of Trent meets to bring back churches authority. They do this by making schools for better educated clergy, making penalties for corruption, creating new orders (jesuits and carmelites), and harsh inquisition.

What role did Prince Henry play in exploration?

He hoped to expand Christianity and find the source of African gold, began the quest that opened a way for a sea route to Asia

Why did Europeans want to explore?

Guns, Gold, Glory

What tools did the Europeans use to explore?

Caravel, Astrolabe, Compass, Cannons

Where did Europeans want to explore?

There goal was to find a route to Asia, however they ended up colonizing the Americas and discovering them by accident.

What were some uses for spices that Europeans found?

Healthy Diet, Preserving Meat, Medicinal Purposes, Flavoring, A status symbol

Which countries controlled the spice trade in the 15th century?

Asia (China and India), the Middle East, Africa

Conquistador

Spanish conquerers in America

Hernan Cortes

Conquers Aztec capital and defeats ruler Moctezuma of Tenochitlan (In Mexico 1519)

Francisco Pizarro

Conquers Inca and ruler Atahualpa (in Peru 1532)

Ferdinand Magellan

First to circumnavigate the globe (though he died before completing the journey) by crossing under the tip of south america (named the strait of magellan)

Dias

Rounded the southern tip of Africa, finishing Prince Henry’s voyage

DaGama

Furthered Dias’s journey, made it to Asia aquiring a profit of spices and creating a vast trading empire for the Portugese

Columbus

The first to discover the Western world from Europe, though he thought it was the Indies

The line of demarcation

A line the Pope Alexander VI created to divide the western world into to stop Spain and Portugal’s rival claims to Columbus’ newly discovered land.

Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases following Columbus’ voyages across the Atlantic Ocean (BIOLOGICAL)

Horses

Old World —> New World (animal)

Sugar

Old World —> New World

Potatoes

New World —> Old World

New World Effects of Columbian Exchange

Introduction of domesticated animals, demand for crops (plantations), spread of diseases

Old World Effects of Columbian Exchange

Growth in population, improved diet

Mercantilism

economic policy: to enrich a nation through a favorable balance of trade

The role of colonies

exist to benefit mother country, provide raw materials and resources, markets for manufactured goods with strict trade laws

Triangular Trade

Old World to New World (and maybe Africa): Manufactured Goods

New World to Old World: Raw Materials

Africa to New World: Slaves

How did Spain remain in control over its colonies?

Appointed viceroys (who monitored colonies), established council of indies.

How did Spanish force Natives into labor?

encomiendas

Social Hierarchy in Spanish America

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos/Mulattos, Natives/Africans

Bartolome de Casa

Thought encomienda system was evil, and suggested to replace Natives in the labor forces with African Americans

What was the name of the route in which Africans were sent to the Americas?

The middle passage

Slave trade

• African rulers and traders capture men, women, and children in the interior

  • Bring them to coastal trading posts

  • Trade for weapons, textiles, rum, etc.

Resistance toward the slave trade

Affonso I, King of the Kongo, writes to king of Portugal pleading to end the slave trade and is ignored. Almamy of Futo Toro bans slave trade but traders work out a new route to the coast. Finally individuals rebel

What was the trades impact on Africa?

Population decrease, rise and fall of states, and war and discord for power over slave trade

Asian and European Encounters

When portugese arrive, chinese see them as barbarians. Ming China establishes strict rules, Quing Dinasty continues this policy

Quing and British Encounter

Lord McCartney brings Quianlong “gifts” which are incompetent to the emperor. He refuses to kowtow, offending Qianlong.

Japan and Europe Encounter

Japan initially welcomes Europe but grows suspicious towards them after they conquered the Philippines. They persecute Japanese christians, ban all trade, expel missionaries, and forbid Japanese to travel abroad.

Results of Japanese drawback

internal trade grows, cities grow, art and culture fostered, however they are less technologically advanced.