Nationalism in India

Abdul Ghaffar Khan

When ________, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing.

Mahatma Gandhi

In 1918, ________ went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

vengeance

Without seeking ________ or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence.

India

It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British ________, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

Bengal

In ________, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk.

peasant movement

The ________ demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

Gudem rebels

The ________ attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.

Khilafat Committee

To defend the Khalifas temporal powers, a(n) ________ was formed in Bombay in March 1919.

imprescriptible birthright

Freedom is the ________ of all.

Jawaharlal Nehru

In June 1920, ________ began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers, and trying to understand their grievances.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Army

In 1928, the ________ (HSRA) was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi.

Gandhiji

________ was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives.

HSRA

In a series of dramatic actions in different parts of India, the ________ targeted some of the symbols of British power.

Abanindranath Tagore

________, like Ravi Varma before him, tried to develop a style of painting that could be seen as truly Indian.

Bhagat Singh

________ was 23 when he was tried and executed by the colonial government.

Nonviolence

________ is the supreme dharma It is certain that India can not rival Britain or Europe in force of arms.

Khadi cloth

________ was often more expensive than mass- produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.

Salt

________ was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food.

Alluri Sitaram Raju

________ claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots.

presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru

In December 1929, under the ________, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘ Purna Swaraj or full independence for India.

Muslim League

Jinnah, one of the leaders of the ________, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim- dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab)

Simon Commission

When the ________ arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘ Go back Simon.

Mahatma Gandhi

________ wanted non- violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.

India

In late- nineteenth- century ________, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.

India

________ is a land of racial and religious variety.

1

6 April 1919

It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes

customs duties were raised and income tax introduced

New words Forced recruitment

A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army 1.1 The Idea of Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915

2

Indian workers in South Africa march through Volksrust, 6 November 1913

The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people

satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed

And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor

the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa)

3

General Dyers ‘crawling orders being administered by British soldiers, Amritsar, Punjab, 1919

4

The boycott of foreign cloth, July 1922

The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power

something that usually only Brahmans had access to

It drew into its fold the struggles of peasants and tribals New words Picket

A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office Activity The year is 1921

In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra

a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer

In many places nai

dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen

New words Begar

Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment Activity If you were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920, how would you have responded to Gandhiji s call for Swaraj

This is how he later described the meeting

They behaved as brave men, calm and unruffled in the face of danger

The thought of the great leader, who by God s goodness has been sent to lead us to victory, came to me, and I saw the kisans seated and standing near me, less excited, more peaceful than I was and the moment of weakness passed, I spoke to them in all humility on non-violence I needed the lesson more than they and they heeded me and peacefully dispersed. Quoted in Sarvapalli Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru

A Biography, Vol

In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s

not a form of struggle that the Congress could approve

Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers

he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots

5

Chauri Chaura, 1922

6

Meeting of Congress leaders at Allahabad, 1931

Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned, and in many places forest people violated forest laws

going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle

A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations

all structures that symbolised British rule

8

Police cracked down on satyagrahis, 1930

During his trial, Bhagat Singh stated that he did not wish to glorify the cult of the bomb and pistol but wanted a revolution in society

Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind

10

Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad at Sevagram Ashram, Wardha, 1935

This is what he said

I have no hesitation in declaring that if the principle that the Indian Muslim is entitled to full and free development on the lines of his own culture and tradition in his own Indian home-lands is recognised as the basis of a permanent communal settlement, he will be ready to stake his all for the freedom of India

13

Jawaharlal Nehru, a popular print

14

Bharat Mata

Here she is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant

both symbols of power and authority

Write a newspaper report on

a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre b) The Simon Commission 4