Unit 7 vocab

Flashcards based on key historical events and figures from the lecture notes.

Alexander II

The tsar of Russia known as a reformer who abolished serfdom.

Crimean War

A conflict fought from 1853 to 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory, resulting in Russia's defeat and highlighting the need for reform.

Dreyfus affair

A divisive case in France where a Jewish captain, Alfred Dreyfus, was wrongfully accused of treason, leading to reforms in church-state relations after his exoneration.

Duma

The Russian parliament that opened in 1906, initially elected indirectly but later controlled by the tsar.

Franz Joseph

The Austrian emperor and king of Hungary.

German Social Democratic Party

A working-class political party founded in the 1870s that initially championed Marxism but later focused on social reforms within the German parliament.

home rule movement

The late-nineteenth-century movement aimed at establishing an independent government for Ireland, supported by Irish Catholics and resisted by Protestants.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

The first ruler of unified Germany.

Marxist revisionism

An effort by moderate socialists to adapt Marxist doctrines to the realities of the late nineteenth century.

Napoleon III

The emperor of France until 1871.

Nicholas II

The tsar who established a Duma during the 1905 Revolution but resisted reforms.

Realpolitik

A political practice based on realistic calculations of conditions rather than ideological assumptions, associated with Bismarck.

Reichstag

The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire established after 1871.

Risorgimento

The nineteenth-century struggle for Italian independence and unification.

Russian Revolution of 1905

A series of popular revolts and strikes that forced the government to grant reforms, including civil rights and a parliament.

suffrage movement

A militant movement for women's right to vote, largely led by middle-class women in Britain, around 1900.

Tanzimat reforms

A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernization based on a Western European model.

Victor Emmanuel II

The first king of unified Italy.

Young Turks

Fervent patriots who came to power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, advocating for reforms.

Zionism

A movement aimed at creating a Jewish national homeland in Palestine to fight against anti-Semitism.

Afrikaners

Descendants of Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa.

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European leaders in 1884-1885 to establish rules for imperialist competition in Africa.

Boxer Uprising

A violent revolt in China from 1899 to 1901 against foreigners and imperialists, encouraged by the Qing court.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A U.S. naval officer who used gunboat diplomacy to open Japan to Western trade.

Fashoda Incident

A 1898 diplomatic crisis where French troops backed down in a territorial dispute with the British, preventing war.

global mass migration

The mass movement of people from Europe during the nineteenth century, significantly affecting global dynamics.

Great Rebellion in India

An insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in 1857-1858 against British rule, ultimately crushed by the British.

gunboat diplomacy

The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements.

Indian National Congress

An Indian nationalist movement founded in 1885, advocating for independence from British rule.

Meiji Restoration

The restoration of imperial power in Japan in 1867, leading to the country's modernization.

nativism

Policies that favor established inhabitants over immigrants, often influenced by nationalism and scientific racism.

neo-Europes

Settler colonies with significant European populations, such as North America, Australia, and New Zealand.

New Imperialism

The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to expand their empires abroad.

Opium Wars

Mid-nineteenth-century conflicts between China and Great Britain over the opium trade, leading to increased European influence in China.

South African (Boer) War

A conflict from 1899 to 1902 in which British forces defeated Afrikaners, consolidating British control in South Africa.

'white man's burden'

The notion that Europeans had the duty to civilize nonwhite peoples through imperialism.