URINE

urine

A filtrate from the blood, Helps in the maintenance of water balance, acid base equilibrium Serves as an important factor in the detoxification of the body

water, acids, bases, waste prod

urine medium excretion of 4

toluene

A thick layer of this is over-layed on the surface to preserve the urine

urochrome/urobilin-yellow, uroerythrin-amber

2 normal color of urine

ammonia smell

What happens when the urine is allowed to stand for some time, exposed to air?

disodium and monosodium phosphate

Urine pH of 6 when freshly voided due to 2

clear and transparent., mucus and epithelial cells

Freshly voided urine is — If transparency is of cloudy flocculate, it might be because of —

alkaline , ammonium carbonate

when allowed to stand without preservative, urine becomes ammoniacal in odor and —in pH because of the oxidation of urea to —

Urea , uric acid , creatinine

3 org cons

Uric acid , Sodium urate

inorg cons 2

sodium urate

precipitate in acidic conditions o These precipitates are the primary components of kidney stones.

calcium phosphate

precipitates in alkaline urine

1.015 - 1.025

Specific Gravity Range of normal urine

nitropusside-weyl, picric acid-jaffe

2 test for detection of creatinine

a. urine+sodium nitroprusside+naoh(alkalinize)

b. ruby red to yellow

c. red ppt

d. yellow(normal)

nitroprusside-weyl

a. procedure

b. results

c. indicate creatinine

d. if added acid

a. picric acid- jaffe

b. urine+picric+naoh

c. red

d. glucose

e. tautomer of creatinine picrate

f. acetone bodies present

a. name test

b. procedure

c. result

d. gives a similar red color only upon heating

e. result is due to

f. If it does not turn yellow

jaffe rxn

a colorimetric method used in clinical chemistry to determine creatinine levels in blood and urine

ammoniacal zinc chloride test

detection of pigement test

a. urine+nh4oh, filter, add zncl2 to filtrate

b. green fluorescence

ammoniacal zin chloride

a. procedure

b. results

a. detection in inorg sulfuric acid(sulfate)

b. urine+acetic+bacl2

c. white ppt baso4

a. name

b. prod

c. result

a. urine+hno3(acidify)+agno3

b. white ppt agcl

c. nh4oh, it dissolves

detection of chloride

a. procedure

b. result

c. add excess of?

10-15 g

Normal amount of chlorides eliminated in 24 hours:

a. urine + nh4oh(alkalinize)

b. ppt of earthy ca and mg

c. filter earthy+magnesia mixture to filtrate, warm

d. ppt of alkali na and k

e. alkali 2:1 ratio

detection of phospahte

a. procedure

b, results

c. 2nd procedue

d. results

e. larger phosphate?

coagulation, heller

2 test for albumin

a. urine boil, if cloudy due to phosphate, + dil acetic acid, warm

b. phosphate dissolve, more flocculent ppt if albumin present

coagulation test

a. procedure

b. rsult

a. hno3+urine

b. urine float, white ring

heller ring

a. procedure

b. result

benedicts

test for glucose

a.urine+benedicts, boil, cool

b. red- conc amt, yellow- substantial, green- little blue- no glucose

benedicts test

a. procedure

b. results

benzidine test

test for blood

a. urine boil, coool, + sat soln of benzidine in glacial acetic acid+3% h2o2

b. blue or green color

benzidine test

a. procedure

b. results

a. urine+conc hno3, dont mix

b. diff colors

gmlin test(bile)

a. procedure

b. results

absent, obstruction

Bilirubin is normally — in urine. Presence of bilirubin indicates—of the flow of bile from the gall bladder

ketone bodies

are brought about by increased lipid metabolism wherein the utilization of lipids is incomplete

Acetoacetic acid (diacetic acid), Acetone, Beta hydroxybutyric acid

3 ketone bodies

ketonuria

presence of ketone bodies

aceto-acetic acid

Decomposes so rapidly with the formation of acetone, that the usual test for acetone are also given for aceto-acetic acid

test for ketonuria

Are tests for either acetone or aceto-acetic acid or both True for nitroprusside test

a. nitroprusside- legal’s

b. urine=5% sodium nitroprusside+naoh(alkalinize)

c. ruby red

d. acetic acid, if red color persist, ketone bodies present

ketone bodies

a. test

b. procedure

c. result

d. added?