APUSH Unit 4 CHP. 17-22

Who were the Whig leaders that planned to control President William H. Harrison?

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

What significant event happened shortly after Harrison took office?

He died 4 weeks after taking office.

Who became president after William H. Harrison?

John Tyler.

What was John Tyler's political alignment with the Whig Party?

He did not agree with the Whig Party's pro-bank, pro-protective tariff, and pro-internal improvements stance.

What major financial reform did Tyler sign into law?

Independent treasury.

What did Tyler do with the bill for a new Bank of the US?

He vetoed the bill.

What was the Aroostook War about?

Skirmishes over land claimed by both Maine and England.

What treaty was negotiated to settle the boundary dispute between Maine and Canada?

The Ashburton-Webster Treaty.

When did Texas declare its independence?

In 1836.

What was the status of Texas at the time of the 1844 election?

It was an independent republic.

What did Polk's election in 1844 signify for Texas?

Texas was formally invited to enter the Union.

What concept emerged alongside the 1844 presidential election?

Manifest Destiny.

What were Polk's four major goals during his presidency?

Lower tariff, independent treasury, Oregon, and California.

What territory did Polk and the British agree to divide at the 49th parallel?

Oregon.

What was the main reason for tensions between the US and Mexico during Polk's presidency?

Annexation of Texas.

What did Mexico do in response to the US's annexation of Texas?

They recalled their minister and defaulted on a loan.

What military action initiated the Mexican-American War?

Polk ordered soldiers under Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

US gained territory from Texas to California for $15 million.

What did the Wilmot Proviso advocate for?

Ban of slavery in land acquired from Mexico.

What was the main political party formed due to sectionalism in the 1850s?

Republicans.

What principle did General Lewis Cass advocate for in 1848?

Popular sovereignty.

Who was the Whig candidate nominated against General Lewis Cass?

Zachary Taylor.

What was the significance of the discovery of gold in California in 1848?

It escalated the debate over slavery.

How did California apply for statehood?

By drafting a constitution and skipping the territorial stage.

Which compromise was designed to appease both North and South in 1850?

Compromise of 1850.

What was a major result of the Compromise of 1850 regarding the Fugitive Slave Law?

Stricter enforcement of the law.

Who were the three political giants that met for a final compromise in 1850?

Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster.

What did the 14th Amendment guarantee?

Citizenship rights for Blacks.

What was one major flaw of the Fugitive Slave Law from the perspective of the North?

It inflamed tensions between North and South.

Who was the Democratic candidate in the election of 1852?

Franklin Pierce.

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act allow?

Slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty.

What was one consequence of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

It wrecked the Compromise of 1820.

What literary work significantly impacted Northern views on slavery?

Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

What violent conflict in Kansas exemplified the struggle over slavery?

Bleeding Kansas.

What event occurred in Congress reflecting tensions from Kansas?

Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner with a cane.

Who ran against James Buchanan in the election of 1856?

John C. Fremont.

What was the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision?

Slaves could not sue for freedom and Congress couldn't ban slavery in territories.

Which two major issues led to Lincoln’s election in 1860?

Opposition to slavery's expansion and economic policies.

What event marked the beginning of the Civil War?

The attack on Fort Sumter.

What was Lincoln's initial stance on the purpose of the war?

To save the Union, not to free slaves.

What were the Border States critical for during the Civil War?

They had significant manufacturing and resources.

What was the economic consequence of the Civil War for the North?

Economic boom with increased factory production.

What was a critical flaw of the southern economy during the Civil War?

Dependence on King Cotton and lack of infrastructure.

What military strategy did Grant employ to overcome Lee?

Attrition, aiming to wear down the Southern forces.

What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?

It marked the turning point in the Civil War.

Who was the Union general known for his 'March to the Sea'?

William Tecumseh Sherman.

What was Lincoln's intention with the Emancipation Proclamation?

To free slaves in rebelling states but not in Border States.

What constituted the main legal challenge against Johnson after Lincoln's assassination?

Johnson's violation of the Tenure of Office Act.

What did the Freedman’s Bureau aim to achieve?

To support newly freed Blacks by providing education and assistance.

What did the 15th Amendment provide?

Voting rights for Black men.

What did radical Republicans desire after the war?

Stricter measures for Southern re-admittance and stronger protections for Blacks.

What long-lasting effects did Reconstruction policies have on Southern society?

Resentment among white Southerners and establishment of Black Codes.

What was the ultimate fate of civil rights for African Americans after the Reconstruction era?

Continued discrimination and segregation until the Civil Rights Movement.

What was Andrew Johnson's approach to Reconstruction?

Lenient, mirroring Lincoln's policies.

What event does the term 'Bully Brooks' refer to?

The physical assault of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks.

What did the Crittenden amendments propose?

To allow slavery in southern territories and protect existing slavery.

What significant purchase was made by Secretary of State Seward in 1867?

Alaska from Russia.

What were the Black Codes aimed at achieving?

Controlling the labor and behavior of freed Blacks.

Who were the 'scalawags' and 'carpetbaggers'?

Southern whites who supported reconstruction and Northern opportunists respectively.

What led to Lincoln's reputation as a martyr after his assassination?

His efforts to preserve the Union during the Civil War.

What organization's creation was aimed at suppressing Black political activities?

The Ku Klux Klan.

What was one major consequence of the failure of the Reconstruction policies?

The establishment of Jim Crow laws and systemic racism.