Chapter 11 - Semen

gray-white and translucent

gray-white and translucent

Normal semen appears ________.

speed and direction

Motility is evaluated by both ________.

Commercial quality

________ control materials and training aids are available and should be incorporated into laboratory protocols.

acid phosphatase

Decreased zinc, citrate, and ________ indicate a lack of prostatic fluid.

Fructose

________ provides energy for the sperm to move through the female reproductive tract.

progressive movement

The presence of sperm capable of forward, ________ is critical for fertility, because once presented to the cervix, the sperm must propel themselves through the cervical mucosa to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovum.

mitochondrial sheath

The midpiece is the thickest part of the tail because it is surrounded by a(n) ________ that produces the energy required by the tail for motility.

Viscosity

________ can also be reported as low, normal, and high.pH.

1 million

The presence of more than ________ leukocytes per millimeter indicates infection within the reproductive system, frequently the prostate.

inflammation or infection

Greater than 1 million leukocytes per milliliter is associated with ________ that can lead to infertility.

neckpiece

The ________ attaches the head to the tail and the midpiece.

Specimens

________ are routinely tested at monthly intervals, beginning at 2 months post- vasectomy and continuing until two consecutive monthly ________ show no spermatozoa.

infection

Increased pH is indicative of ________.

seminal vesicles

Decreased volume is more frequently associated with infertility and may indicate improper functioning of one of the semen-producing organs, primarily the ________.

CASA instrumentation

Currently, ________ is found primarily in laboratories that specialize in andrology and perform a high volume of semen analysis.Sperm Morphology.

Immature sperm

________ and WBCs, often referred to as "round "cells, are able to be differentiated by the stain.

Yellow coloration

________ may be caused by urine contamination, specimen collection following prolonged abstinence, and medications.

leukocyte esterase reagent strip test

The ________ may be useful to screen for the presence of WBCs.

neutral α glucosidase

Decreased ________ suggests a disorder of the epididymis.

semen volume

It provides 20 % to 30 % of the ________.

01 mL

It is measured by pouring the specimen into a clean graduated cylinder calibrated in ________ increments.

head

Abnormalities in ________ morphology are associated with poor ovum penetration.

enzyme containing acrosomal cap

The ________ located at the tip of the head is critical for ovum penetration.

wet preparation

Recommended testing includes examination of a(n) ________ using phase microscopy for the presence of motile and nonmotile sperm.

vitro acrosome reaction

In the in ________, the acrosome is evaluated on its production of enzymes essential for ovum penetration.Semen Analysis Quality Control.

female partner

The damaged sperm may cause the production of antibodies in the ________.

Failure of liquefaction

________ to occur may be caused by a deficiency in prostatic enzymes and should be reported.

routine semen analysis

The presence of antibodies can be suspected when clumps of sperm are observed during a(n) ________ for males, and when the semen agglutinates with cervical mucosa despite a normal semen analysis for females.

prostate gland

The ________ provides chemicals that cause sperm coagulation and liquefaction.

bulbourethral gland

The ________ secretes mucus that neutralizes acidity from the vaginal flora.

2 to 3 days to not longer than 5 days

Specimens are collected following a period of sexual abstinence from ________.

30-60 minutes

A normal specimen should liquefy within ________ after collection.

2-5 mL

Normal semen volume ranges between ________.

a thin thread

Normal semen droplets form ________ when released from the pipette.

red

In the sperm viability test, dead cells stain ________.

clumps, agglutinates

The presence of antibodies can be suspected when ________ are observed during a routine semen analysis for males, and when the semen ________ with cervical mucosa despite a normal semen analysis for females.