World history unit 2

Henry III

-reign 1574-1589.

-king of France.

Catholic League

-the extreme catholic party that formed and was independent of Henry III.

-gained support from Phillip II from Spain.

Huguenots

Protestants of France

Henry of Navarre

-next in line for the heir after Henry III.

-lead the Huguenots.

Henry of Guise

-ran the Catholic League.

War of the Three Henrys

-result of a treaty between Guise and Phillip.

Henry IV

-former Henry of Navarre.

-he restored the power of monarchy.

-1610: was killed in Paris.

Edict of Nantes

1. Gave them complete freedom of conciseness

2. The right of public worship in all places where it already existed

3. The right to hold any public office

-this reunited France.

Marie de’Medici

-reigned 1610-1617

-she was the widow of Henry IV and ruled France for 7 years

-allied with Spain

Louis XIII

-reigned 1617-1624

-son of Maire and becomes king once of age.

Cardinal Richelieu

-reigned 1624-1632

-master of France

-Catholic priest

-Dominant in government

-became enemies of the nobles

Cardinal Richelieu’s Major Objectives

1. Unification under the whole state under the crown

2. France dominance of Europe

Cardinal Richelieu’s Accomplishments

1. He raised the French prestige abroad

2. He has crushed all danger to the monarchy at home

3. Build up a strongly centralized government

“Intendants”

-royal officials sent out by Richelieu to take over the local functions.

Louis XIV

-reigned 1643-1715

-4-year old king.

-his mother was regent for him.

Louis XIV’s 3 factors of grand monarch

1. Estate of Europe in the 17th century

2. Happy combination of royal supremacy and national supremacy

3. The king’s personality

“Sun King”

-Name given to Louis XIV.

Cardinal Mazarin

-Chief minister during the years under Louis XIV.

Fronde

-a rebellion against the monarchy made of euphoria of nobles and citizens.

Frist Estate

-the clergy (church).

Second Estate

-the nobility (nobles).

Third Estate

-the commoners (95% of the population).

Jean Baptiste Colbert

-most significant financial administer of his time.

Jean Baptiste Colbert’s Goals

1. Collect an adequate revenue by the most honest and effective system

2. To spend the money wisely and economically

3. To distribute the burden of taxation on those classes that can sustain it

4. To stimulate with acceptance those branches of farming and manufacture in which the nation was lacking

Mercantilism

-Jean Baptiste Colbert’s idea.

-to make the nation economically independent as possible.

Basic Ideas of Mercantilism

1. Nation should be economically self-sufficient

2. Produce a surplus and sale to others

Versailles

-the palace of Louis XIV.

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

-Huguenots were given homes to defend their land and was revoked and Richelieu removed it.

Grant of Tolerance

-The action of Richelieu to the nobles during the Revocation.

Medieval Cosmology

-The worldview of the medieval time period.

Aristotle

-Tried to understand motion.

-Came up with the idea that the earth is stationary and in the middle of the universe.

-Believed that the planets were on imaginary tracks.

Ptolemy

-Believed in the earth being the center of the universe,

-Authored the book “Almagest”.

“Almagest”

-The book Ptolemy wrote.

-Handbook of astronomy.

Geocentric view of the universe

-The earth being the center of the universe.

Nicolaus Copernicus

-Believed in the sun being the center of the universe.

-Authored the “Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres”.

“Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres”

-A book wrote by Nicholas Copernicus.

Heliocentric view of the universe

-The sun being the center of the universe.

Tycho Brahe

-Built the best observatory in Europe and discovered a new star.

-His fame came from being an astronomer.

Johanes Kepler

-inspired by Tycho Brahe.

-Discovered the three basic laws of Planetary motion.

Kepler’s three basic laws of Planetary motion

1. Orbits of the planets are oval shaped

2. The velocity of a planet is not uniformed

3. You can use math to find the speed of each planet

Galileo Galilei

-Discovered how gravity works, the spots on the moon, and moons around Jupiter.

-Wrote “The Starry Messenger”.

-Went against God’s existence.

“The Starry Messenger”

-A book wrote by Galileo.

Galileo’s Discoveries

-The moon on a telescope and spots on the sun.

-Moons around the Jupiter.

-How gravity works.

Catholic Church’s reaction to Galileo

-The church saw danger in his view of God’s existence.

Isaac Newton

-Discovered gravity from an apple tree.

-Went to Cambridge College.

“Principia Mathematica”

-In 1704 Isaac Newton wrote this book about gravity.

“Opticks”

-In 1704 Isaac Newton wrote this book on light.

Universal Gravitation

-In 1666 Isaac Newton created this equation.

The Nature of Light

-In 1666 Isaac Newton created this theory.

The Ideas of Isaac Newton

1. Matter is always the same

2. Atomic in structure

3. Matter in its nature is dead or lifeless

4. It is acted upon by immaterial forces that are placed in the universe by God

Newton’s Three laws of Motion

1. Inertia

2. Acceleration

3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton’s Idea of God’s role in the Universe

-Gravity was from God and everything was from God.

Humors

-A part of the human body and if out of balance they can fix it by bleeding.

William Harvey

1578-1657

-Produced the idea of blood circulation in your body.

Francis Bacon

-Believed in science.

-Produced the idea of The Advancement of Learning.

The Advancement of Learning

-Wrote by Bacon.

-About the purpose of science in the society.

Reasons of Purpose of Science

1. The improvement of humanities material conditions.

2. The advancement of trade and industry.

Rene Descartes

1598-1660

-French philosopher

-Believing in nothing is certain in life.

“I think, Therefore I am”

-Said by Rene Descartes

Descartes logic concerning God

-God existence because he believed in a supreme perfect being and creating of the world.

-Deduced the existence of God.

-First person to dream about the idea of science to control and dominate nature.

Enlightenment

-The change of renewal of a time period.

-Not only religion.

-Clearly secular and rational.

Great Change of Being

-Everything on earth was a part of.

The order of the Great Change of Being

1. God

2. Angels/Archangels/etc.

3. Human Beings

4. Man

5. Woman

6. Animals

7. Plants

8. Inanimate Matter (like dirt)

Deism

-Movement coming out of the Enlightenment.

-Great thinkers of today were this.

-Idea of God but a God that created everything then left.

John Locke

-Deist

-Christian Ethics reflect define reason.

-All religions reflection from deism.

The Reasonableness of Christianity

-John Locke wrote this in 1695.

-About Deism

Essay of Toleration

-John Locke wrote this in 1689.

-All religions are worthy of respect with non-given priority,

Philosophes

-People believes in the idea of Enlightenment movement.

Salons

-The place that people talked about the ideas of the Enlightenment movement.

Voltaire

1694-1778

-Wrote satire plays.

-Influenced by Newton and Locke.

-Deist

Ecrasez L’infame

-Idea created by Voltaire

-Means Crush Infamy

-"Prosecute people that you do not agree with is a monster”

Famous Quote of Voltaire

“I do not agree with the word you say, but I will defend to the death, your right to say it”

Philosophical Dictionary

-A book wrote by Voltaire.

-Burned in Rome

Candide

-A book wrote by Voltaire that people still read today.

-Book on the idea of progress without religion.

Rousseau

-Poor as a child.

“Declared that man is born free, but everywhere he remains in chains.”

-Believed property created oppression like law enforcement.

The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

-Book wrote by Rousseau about man never being free.

The Social Contract

-Book wrote by Rousseau.

-Private property was the killing of society.

Louis XV

-r. 1715-1774

-Parliaments against him.

-Abolished all the parliaments outright and created a whole new court.

-Reduced the nation’s debt.

-Died 1774.

Parlements

-Chief courts of appeal gained their own powers.

-Grown bold enough to go against the king in orders.

-Nobles had no taxes.

Bourgeoisie

-The upper merchant and professional class.

-Wanted to avoid taxes for status.

Louis XVI

-r. 1774-1792

-Louis XV grandson.

-Went back to the old parliaments.

-Have more taxes on people.

-Caused the government to be bankrupt.

Financial crisis in France

-Government was bankrupt.

-Created the assembly of nobles and created the estates general.

Estates General

-Everyone must pay taxes and have no defined rights.

First Estate

-The clergy (privilege)

Second Estate

-The nobility ( privilege)

Third Estate

-Commoners (everyone else)

-Twice as many representatives.

Grievances against the nations as expressed in the elections

1. They wanted popular representation

2. They wanted legislative control of taxes

3. Limitation of the monarchy

4. They wanted full civil equality for all Frenchmen