Key Concepts in Modern European History

These flashcards cover important concepts and figures in Modern European History, based on the lecture notes.

Socialism with a Human Face

A version of socialism that includes political and democratic freedoms.

Prague Spring

A period of political liberalization and reform in Czechoslovakia during 1968 aimed at creating 'Socialism with a Human Face,' ended by Soviet invasion.

Gulag Archipelago

A book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn documenting the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system, exposing the brutality of Stalin's dictatorship.

Détente

The easing of hostility or strained relations between countries, particularly during the Cold War.

SALT I agreement

An agreement between the USA and Soviet Union to limit the number of nuclear weapons and missile systems.

Salt II agreement

1979 - aimed to further limit strategic nuclear weapons, was never approved due to renewed tensions

OPEC

International organization of oil producing nations that work together to control production and prices of oil. Cause energy crisis in the 1970s in Europe by cutting oil supply

Stagflation

An economic condition characterized by high inflation, slow economic growth, and high unemployment.

Ostpolitik

A policy initiated by West Germany in the 1960s to improve relations with Eastern European countries.

Margaret Thatcher

The Prime Minister of the UK from 1979 to 1990, known for conservative policies and reducing government control of the economy.

Supply-side economics

An economic theory suggesting that lower taxes and less regulation lead to increased production, jobs, and economic growth.

Helmut Kohl

The Chancellor of West Germany from 1982 to 1998, known for leading Germany's reunification and strengthening its role in the EU.

Mikhail Gorbachev

The last leader of the Soviet Union (1985-1991) who introduced reforms called glasnost and perestroika.

Glasnost

A policy promoting openness and transparency, allowing for greater freedom of speech and reduced censorship.

Perestroika

Reform policy meant to improve the Soviet economy by allowing some private businesses reducing gov’t control. Aimed for a more efficient economy and modern economy led to major changes to Soviet society

Pope John Paul II

The head of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005, known for inspiring Solidarity in Poland and supporting European unity