2.1_DNA_structure_and_Function__1_

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21 Terms

1

Double Helix

The structure of DNA consisting of two intertwined strands.

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2

Nucleotide

The building block of DNA, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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3

Watson and Crick

Scientists who published the structure of DNA in 1953.

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4

Rosalind Franklin

Scientist whose X-ray diffraction images were critical in understanding DNA structure.

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5

Central Dogma of Biology

The framework describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

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6

Mutations

Changes in nucleotide sequences that can lead to genetic variation.

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7

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.

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8

DNA Replication

The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division.

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9

Adenine

A purine nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA.

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10

Thymine

A pyrimidine nitrogenous base only found in DNA.

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11

Transcription

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

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12

Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

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13

Helicase

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA strands during replication.

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14

DNA Ligase

An enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication.

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15

Okazaki Fragments

Short segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during replication.

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16

Nucleosome

A structural unit of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

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17

Gene

A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines a characteristic.

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18

Genetic Code

The set of rules by which information encoded in DNA is translated into proteins.

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19

Purine

A type of nitrogenous base with a two-ring structure; includes adenine and guanine.

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20

Pyrimidine

A type of nitrogenous base with a single-ring structure; includes cytosine, thymine.

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21

DNA Packaging

The way DNA is folded and organized within the cell nucleus, including structures like chromatin.

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