soc105 study guide ₍^. .^₎⟆ (copy)

Nature Debate

Biology is the basis of human behavior, involving predispositions, dominant traits, DNA, hormones, and reproductive capacities.

Nurture Debate

Socialization is the basis of human behavior, involving learned behavior and institutionalized roles.

Definition of Sex

The biological identity of a person, typically categorized as female, male, or intersex.

Definition of Gender

Socially learned behaviors and expectations, culturally based, existing on a continuum from feminine to masculine traits.

Case of David Reimer

Bruce was raised as Brenda after a botched circumcision and later identified as David, advocating for intersex rights.

Gender Socialization

The process of learning gender-specific norms and values, structured by culture.

Identification Theory

Children unconsciously learn gender-appropriate behaviors by modeling after their same-sex parent.

Social Learning Theory

Children consciously learn gender roles through observation, imitation, and reinforcement of behaviors.

Gender Doing Theory

Gender is not an inherent identity, but a performance shaped by cultural norms and behaviors.

Components of Sexual Orientation

Includes behavioral, attraction, and identity components related to sexual experiences and affinities.

Sambia

A tribal group from Papua New Guinea engaging in ritualized homosexuality as part of their males' transition to manhood.

Two-Spirit People

Individuals in Indigenous cultures who embody both masculine and feminine spirits, transcending traditional gender roles, are more than just sexuality, but also gender.

Hijras

A traditional third-gender or transgender community found in South Asia, particularly in India.

Katoey

A term in Thailand for transgender women and feminine gay men, including other various gender-diverse individuals.

Stranger Rape

Rapes committed by strangers, generally more likely to be reported.

Acquaintance Rape

Most rapes among women aged 18+ are committed by someone known to them.

Date Rape

Involves drugs like alcohol and roofies, which can incapacitate victims and erase memories of the assault.

Characteristics of A Rapist

Rapists often seek power, may engage in other criminal activities, have adversarial relationships with women, and tend to view their actions as harmless.

Definition of Sexual Coercion

Verbal or emotional pressure for unwanted sexual activity.

Factors of Sexual Coercion

Includes persistent attempts at coercion, with men often using physical force while women use verbal force.

Lack of Communication & Sexual Coercion

Unwanted sexual experiences could be mitigated through better communication and open discussions about consent.

Statutory Rape

Illegal sexual intercourse between an adult and a person under the age of consent. It is not always forceful.

Power Dynamics in Rape

Rape is often about exerting power, not just the act of sex.

Victim Blame

The tendency to place blame on victims, especially in acquaintance rapes.

Alcohol & Drug Influence

A person under the influence cannot consent.

Variations of Two-Spirit

male-bodied two-spirits can weave, cook, and become spiritual leaders, while female-bodied two-spirits can hunt, lead wars, and refuse marriage.

Gender Nonconformity Statistics

50-75% of males who show gender nonconformity become gay, while tomboy behavior has not been linked to females.

Male and Female Two-Spirits Roles

Both male and female two-spirits can take on roles traditionally associated with the opposite gender.

Factors of “Doing” Gender

People “do” gender through actions, such as clothing, speech, and mannerisms, to align with societal expectations. Gender is a result of social interaction.

Behavioral component of sexual orientation

context matters. one can engage in same-sex behaviors but not identify as homosexual.

behavioral component example

prisoners engage in same-sex behavior due to a lack of access to women.

attraction component of sexual orientation

Who a person is attracted to may differ from their sexual behavior.

attraction component example

a female can identify as heterosexual but only engage in same-sex behavior.

identity component of sexual orientation

How individuals label themselves, such as gay, bi, or lesbian.

Gender nonconformity

behaviors or appearances that don’t align with societal expectations associated with the person’s sex or gender.

Hypothalamus research

a researcher found differences in the hypothalamus between heterosexual and homosexual brains but received backlash from the queer community.

fraternal birth order

research study suggests the more boys a family has, the chance of a homosexual boy increases each time by 1/3.

coming out process

can practice with friends or do a two-step process with parents

Sambia Process

young boys are isolated from women, expelled of mother’s milk, and perform fellatio on older males to ingest semen for strength.

Final Stage of Sambia

once the young boys are married to men, they cease homosexuality and focus on heterosexual relationships.

Two-Spirit People Example

a two-spirit male living as a woman is married to a cisgender man, which is seen as heterosexual, therefore, more than just sexuality.

Katoey & Religion

gender diversity is influenced by buddhism and karma from their previous life determines their gender identity in their current life.

Acquaintance Rape Statistics

38% of rapists are a friend or acquaintance; 28% are an intimate; 7% are a relative

Roofies

odorless and tasteless drug that quickly intoxicates victims and leaves the system within 24 hours.

Compliance

Agreeing to sexual activity when you don’t really want to.

Token resistance

Women say “no” when they mean “yes” to avoid appearing too easy.

Level 1 of Sexual Coercion

sexual arousal

Level 2 of Sexual Coercion

emotional manipulation

Level 3 of Sexual Coercion

exploitation while intoxicated

Level 4 of Sexual Coercion

physical force