Forensics People Unit 1

Quintillion (100BC, Rome.)

Started to realize that things found at crime scenes could help solve the crime.

Sung Tzu (1247, China)

Earliest known record of medical determinations of death (cause of death).
- Book, "The Washing Away of Wrongs" became the first official texts for death investigations

detect deceptions

Developed pneumography to record breathing patterns to verify truth and ________.

Marcello Malpighi (1660, Italy)

earliest known description of ridge patterns on fingerprints

Dr. Nehemiah Grew (1684, England)

describes ridge patterns and pores on hands and feet.
- tried to show that there were differences in these patterns on each person

1784, England (ballistics)

the first use of ballistics to solve a criminal case
- integral parts matching

1804, Germany (UV Radiation)

discovery of ultraviolet radiation
- the use of alternative light sources to detect evidence

Mathew Orfila (1814, France)

Father of forensic toxicology
- established forensic toxicology

Johannes E. Durkinje (1823, Prussia)

first to describe a fingerprint classification system
- distinguished 9 types, the basis for arches, whorls, loops

Henry Goddard (1835)

studied marks on bullets and determined that imperfections on bullets could be tied to corresponding marks in the bullet molds.

James Marsh (1836, England)

developed a test for arsenic
- worked off of Orfila's work.

1843, Belgium (photography)

Earliest documentation of photography used by police
- US, and France followed in 1850

Adolphe Quetelet (1846, Belgium)

published book on anthropometry

William J Herschel (1858, India)

study of regular and distinct ridge patterns on fingerprints
- first to use fingerprints as a means in identification
- tried to implement them in Indias prison system but was denied

1859, US

introduction of photography into a court of law

Rudolph Virchow (1861, Germany)

father of modern pathology
- first to study hair as evidence

Paul Jean Coulier (1863, France)

Latent fingerprints through iodine fuming
- recommended the use of magnification for comparison identification.

Friedrich Miescher (1869, Switzerland)

discovered DNA and Nucleic acid (1889)

Walter N Hattey (1878, England)

developed ultraviolet spectrograph

Angelo Mosso (1878, Italy)

developed plethysmograph to study the effects of emotions and fear to subjects being questioned, as well as their cardiovascular system and respiratory system.
- very start of the polygraph

Alphonse Bertillon (1879, France)

development of anthropometry
- Bertillon system of identification

Henry Faulds (1880, Japan)

experimented with lifting fingerprints with powder
- first publication of application of fingerprints for identification

Alexandre Lacassagne (1889)

The first to identify distinct grooves and lands that can be connected to the barrel a projectile was fire from
- identify a firearm from which a bullet was fired from

Sir Frances Galton (1892, England)

Credited with the first scientific classification system based on arches, loops, and whorls.
- minutia, also known as Galton's details.
- first book on fingerprints and there use for solving crimes.

1892, Argentina (fingerprints)

The first use of fingerprints to convict a suspect of murder
- becomes the first country to adopt fingerprinting as the preferred method of identification

Dr Sir James Mackenzie

developed clinical graph for monitoring pulse rates during medical examinations, results were recorded on graph paper.
- contributed to what becomes the modern-day polygraph

Hans Gross (1893, Austria)

Father of criminalistics
- book detailed assistance for investigators about various fields of sconce and the ways they could be applied to the CJ field.

Wilhelm C Roentgen (1895, Germany)

discovered x-rays

Dr Cesare Lombroso (1895, Italy)

modified the hydrophyginograph to measure the changes to blood pressure and pulse rate during interrogations.
- credited with the first use of lie detectors in Italian courts

Paul Jereich (1898, Germany)

first comparison of ballistics of bullet from a gun in a controlled setting to compare to a bullet from a crime scene.

Karl Landsteiner (1901, Austria)

developed a blood typing system
- detection of blood and what species it belonged to)

Edward Henry (1901, India)

published the "Henry system" of fingerprint classification
- established 4 types of patterns: arches, loops, whorls, and accidents

Paul Uhlenhuth (1901, Germany)

developed the precipitin test to distinguish primate blood from other animals.
- established standards and controls for labs so that they are viable in a court of law

1902, England (fingerprints)

first use of fingerprint evidence in English courts

Thomas H Morgan (1909, US)

first demonstration that chromosomes carry inherited information
- basis for DNA evidence

Edmond Locard (1910, France)

first forensic laboratory
- formulation of the contract trace theory or Locard's theory, which says that every contact you make leaves a trace.

Albert S Osborn (1910, US)

responsible for the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the courts.
- book questioned documents, remains a leading authority in the subject today

1910, US. Illinois v Jennings

first conviction case in the US utilizing fingerprint identification

Victor Balthazard (1913, France)

published articles describing the significance of bullet marking, showing that they make each bullet unique.

Dr Vittorio Bennusi (1914, Italy)

developed the pneumography to record beathing patterns to verify truth and detect deceptions
- more work towards the modern-day polygraph

Leone Lattes (1915, Italy)

developed procedure for restoring dried blood stains on cloth and other materials using a saline solution

Dr William M Marston (1915, US)

credited with the invention of an early form of lie detector with discontinuous systolic blood pressure test.
- started the wonder women comics.

Luke May (1920, US)

first study of striation marks on tools
- every tool leaves unique markings on surfaces.

Charles Weight (1920, US)

development of international catalog of firearms

John Larson (1921, US)

development of the first modern lie detector machine (polygraph).
- measuring blood pressure and breathing
- found inadmissible in court

Calvin Goddard (1925)

father of modern forensic ballistics
- first used the term forensic ballistics
- established bureau of forensic ballistics in 1925
- appointed doctor of scientific crime detection lab
- worked on evidence of the valentine's day massacre

Philip Gravelle and Calvin Goddard (1925)

developed the comparison microscope

Tomas Gonzales (1930's Mexico)

developed dermal nitrate test for gunshot residue (wax test)
- 1959, was replaced with the color test with reagents that changed color in presence of gunshot residue.

Walter Specht (1937, US)

the first suggestion that luminol can be used as a preliminary test for the presence of blood
- isn't 100% accurate, false positives.

Paul Leland Kirk (1934)

developed criminalistics program at UCLA
- book, Crime Investigations, Physical Evidence and the Police Laboratory.

Archer Martin (1941)

developed liquid-column chromatography

Rockefeller Institute (1943)

showed that DNA was a carrier of genetic information and how it can be related to law enforcement.

Frances Crick (1953)

discovery of the double helix structure and its value at crime scenes.

Charles Oatley (1956)

high resolution scanning electron microscope.

1975, US.

Development of AFIS
- automated fingerprint identification system.
- helped organize fingerprints and make it easier for people for make comparison identifications.

Fusao Matsumura (1977, Japan)

discovered that fingerprints can be developed through Cyanoacrylate test (superglue)

Bob Freeman and Doug Foster (1978)

invention of the electrostatic detection apparatus
- used to reveal handwriting on paper and latent impressions
- helpful for impressions left in dust

Alec Jeffery (1984)

development of DNA profiling test
- 1986, first innocent person exonerated using DNA

1987, US. (DNA)

first use of DNA in US courts.
- found admissible in court due to the Frye standards.

Karl Millis (1990's)

Development of PCR typing for DNA

1990, US

implementation of FBI CODIS
- combined DNA Index System
- national database for DNA profiling

Robin Richards (1991, England)

laser scanning technology to reconstruct skeletal remains

1992, US

Frye standards for the scientific method

1996, US. Tennesse v Ware

first case use of mitochondrial DNA

1999, US

IAFIS
- integrated automated fingerprint identification system (update of AFIS)

2000, US

NIBIN
- national integrated ballistics identification system

1923, US

first crime lab formed by the LAPD
- august Vollmer
- publicly funded

Raymond Pinker

very influential in the creation of forensic laboratories and the advancement of the field of forensics