lab final anatomy 2

teeth description

hard calcified structures in the sockets of the mandible and maxilla

teeth function

mastication

teeth location

in the mandible (lower jaw) and maxilla (upper jaw)

gingiva description

soft tissue surrounding the teeth acting like a tight collar around each tooth

gingiva function

protecting the teeth and underlying bone & forms a barrier against bacteria and maintains health of periodontal ligament

gingiva alt name

gums

gingiva location

around the neck of the tooth

crown description

visible part of a tooth above the gum line. Covered by enamel

crown function

protection and chewing

crown alternative name

corona

crown location

above the gum

enamel description

outermost layering covering the crown of the tooth. Hardest substance in the human body

enamel function

protection, force resistance, non-regenerative

enamel location

outer tooth

root description

portion embedded in the jawbone. Covered by cement attaching the tooth to the periodontal ligament

root function

anchoring and nutrient supply

root location

below the gums surrounded by bone

dentin description

protein-rich, bone-like material forming bulk of the tooth. Characterized by unique radial striations aka dentinal tubules

dentin function

shock absorber during biting and chewing. Supplies nutrients and provides sensation to the tooth.

dentin location

beneath enamel cap

cement description

calcified connective tissue covering outer surface of the tooth's root. Similar to bone but lacks blood vessels

cement function

attach tooth to periodontal ligament. Stabilizing tooth curing chewing

cement location

on the root of the tooth, beneath the gum line

mouth location

initial part of the digestive system bounded by lips and cheeks

mouth subdivisions

oral vestibule and oral cavity proper

oral vestibule

space between lips/cheeks and teeth/gums

oral cavity proper

area within the teeth and gums

pharynx location

funnel-shaped muscular tube connecting nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

pharynx subdivisions

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

posterior to nasal cavity above the soft palate

oropharynx

posterior to oral cavity, extending from soft palate to esophagus

laryngopharynx

posterior to the larynx, extending from the epiglottis to the esophagus

esophagus location

begins at laryngopharynx and extends to stomach, passing through diaphragm

esophagus subdivisions

upper third, middle third, lower third

stomach location

upper left quadrant of peritoneal cavity, mostly hidden by liver and diaphragm

stomach subdivisions

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part

cardia

entry point for food from the esophagus

fundus

dome-shaped top part beneath the diaphragm

body of the stomach

main central region

pyloric part

includes pyloric antrum, canal, and ends at pylorus

stomach gross anatomy

has backwards c shape with two curvatures: greater and lesser

greater curvature

larger curve on the right

lesser curvature

smaller curve on the left

small intestine location

extending from pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocecal valve, which meets the large intestine

small intestine subdivision

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

duodenum

shortest section, curves around pancreas and is mostly retroperitoneal

jejunum

extends from duodenum to the ileum

ileum

longest section, ends at the ileocecal valve

large intestine location

in abdominal cavity encircling the small intestine. Begins at ileocecal valve and extends to the anus

large intestine subdivisions

cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

cecum

first part, below the ileocecal valve (includes the appendix)

colon

divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections

rectum

leads into anal canal

anal canal

ends at the anus

anus location

At end of digestive tract and opening through which feces are expelled from the body

anus subdivision

levator ani muscle

pharyngeal constrictor muscle location

pharynx

lower esophageal sphincter location

between esophagus and stomach

upper esophageal sphincter location

top of esophagus

pyloric sphincter location

between stomach and duodenum

ileocecal valve location

from ileum to large intestine

external anal sphincter location

encircles anus

internal anal sphincter location

inside of anus

external urethral sphincter

males : between prostate and penis. females : near vaginal opening

anorectal sphincter location

around the anus

liver function

processing nutrient-rich blood, detoxifying chemicals, metabolizing drugs, producing bile (aid in digestion), storing vitamins/minerals, and converting ammonia to urea

liver location

right hypochondriac and epigastric regions, under the diaphragm, mostly under the rib cage

liver associated ducts

right and left hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct

right and left hepatic ducts

drains bile from liver lobes

common hepatic duct

carries bile towards duodenum

cystic duct

connects gallbladder to common hepatic duct, forming bile duct

falciform ligament structure

separates liver's right and left lobes, suspends liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

round ligament structure

fibrous remnant of fetal umbilical vein, running along inferior edge of falciform ligament. Aka ligamentum teres

porta hepatis structure

gateway to the liver allowing passage of blood and bile

gallbladder function

stores and concentrates bile. Releases bile into digestive tract when needed, particularly after eating fatty foods

gallbladder location

beneath right lobe of the liver

gallbladder associated ducts

cystic duct, bile duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla

bile duct

formed by union of cystic duct and common hepatic duct from the liver, leading to hepatopancreatic ampulla

hepatopancreatic ampulla

where the bile duct and pancreatic duct unite, allowing bile and pancreatic juices to enter the duodenum

pancreas exocrine function

produces pancreatic juice containing enzymes that breakdown proteins, fats, and carbs

pancreas endocrine function

releases hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels

pancreas location

soft tadpole-shaped gland located in the abdomen, lying deep to the greater curvature of the stomach

pancreas associated ducts

main pancreatic duct, accessory pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla

main pancreatic duct

carries pancreatic juice from pancreas to the duodenum

accessory pancreatic duct

empties directly into the duodenum

carb absorbable unit

monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose)

protein absorbable unit

amino acids and small peptides

lipids absorbable unit

fatty acids and monoglycerides. reassembled into triglycerides

cellular respiration pathways

1. glycolysis

2. citric acid cycle (krebs)

3. oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis cell location

cytosol

citric acid cycle cell location

mitochondrial matrix

oxidative phosphorylation cell location

inner mitochondrial matrix

carb reactions

glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

glycolysis

converts glucose into pyruvic acid

glycogenesis

polymerizes glucose to form glycogen

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen back into glucose monomers

gluconeogenesis

forms glucose from non-carb precursors

lipid reactions

beta oxidation, lipolysis, lipogenesis

beta oxidation

converts fatty acids into acetyl CoA

lipolysis

break down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol