Chapter 3 SOCPSYC

System 1

The intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking.

System 2

The deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.

Priming

Activating particular associations in memory.

Embodied cognition

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments.

Sensation

Automatic processing

Implicit thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to intuition—System 1.

Controlled processing

Explicit thinking that is deliberate and controlled, corresponding to System 2.

Overconfidence phenomenon

The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs.

Dunning-Kruger effect

A cognitive bias wherein individuals with low ability overestimate their competence.

Confirmation bias

A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.

Heuristic

A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments.

Representative heuristic

The tendency to presume someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member.

Availability heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things based on how readily instances come to mind.

Counterfactual thinking

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didn't.

Illusory correlation

The perception of a relationship where none exists or a stronger relationship than actually exists.

Regression toward the average

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or behaviors to return toward one’s average.

Belief perseverance

Persistence of initial conceptions, even after the basis for the belief is discredited.

Misinformation effect

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event after being exposed to it.

Misattribution

Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.

Attribution theory

The theory of how people explain others’ behavior, attributing it to either internal dispositions or external situations.

Dispositional attribution

Attributing behavior to a person’s disposition and traits.

Situational attribution

Attributing behavior to the environment.

Spontaneous trait inference

An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others' behavior.