Chapter 3 SOCPSYC

System 1 - the intuitive, automatic , unconscious and fast way of thinking 

System 2 - the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking

Priming - activating particular associations in memory

Embodied cognition

• The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgements

• SENSATION

Automatic processing

• “Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to “intuition” – system 1

Controlled processing

• “Explicit thinking”

• System 2

Overconfidence phenomenon

• The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

• Dunning-Kruger effect

Confirmation bias

• A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

Heuristic

• A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements

Representative heuristic

• The tendency to presume sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member

Availability heuristic

• A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

Counterfactual thinking

• Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t

Illusory correlation

• Perception of relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

Regression toward the average 

• The statistical tendency for extreme score or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average

Belief perseverance

• Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives

Misinformation effect

• Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

Misattribution

• Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

Attribution theory

• The theory of how people explain others’ behavior–for example by attributing it either to internal dispositions or external situations

Dispositional attribution

• Attributing behavior to person’s disposition and traits

Situational attribution

• Attributing behavior to the environment

Spontaneous trait inference

• An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior

Fundamental attribution error

• The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior