Studied by 12 people
Perception
The process of interpreting sensory information influenced by external and internal factors.
Bottom-up processing
Perception that relies primarily on external sensory information.
Top-down processing
Perception that relies on internal prior expectations and knowledge.
Schemas
Cognitive frameworks or concepts that help organize and interpret information.
Perceptual set
A predisposition to perceive things in a certain way based on prior experiences.
Gestalt psychology
A theory that explains how humans organize their perceptual world through principles like closure, figure and ground, proximity, and similarity.
Attention
The interaction of sensation and perception, affected by internal and external processes.
Cocktail party effect
A phenomenon where individuals selectively attend to specific stimuli, such as their name, in a noisy environment.
Change blindness
A type of inattention where changes in the environment are not perceived.
Binocular depth cues
Cues for depth perception that involve both eyes, including retinal disparity and convergence.
Retinal disparity
The difference between the images projected onto each retina, contributing to depth perception.
Convergence
The inward movement of both eyes to perceive depth.
Monocular depth cues
Cues for depth perception that can be perceived with one eye, such as relative clarity and interposition.
Relative clarity
The perception that hazy objects are further away than clear objects.
Relative size
The perception that larger objects are closer and smaller objects are farther away.
Texture gradient
The perception that objects that are more densely clustered appear farther away.
Linear perspective
The visual effect where parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.
Interposition
The perception that an object is further away when it is partially obscured by another object.
Visual perceptual constancies
The ability to maintain the perception of an object despite changes in the visual field, including shape, size, color, and brightness constancy.
Apparent movement
The perception of movement in stationary objects.
Concepts
The mental categories that form the basis of thought.
Prototypes
The ideal or most representative example of a concept.
Assimilation
The process of incorporating new information into existing schemas without changing them.
Accommodation
The process of altering existing schemas to incorporate new information.
Algorithms
Step-by-step processes used to solve problems by trying all possible solutions.
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts used to make judgments and decisions, which can lead to errors.
Representativeness heuristic
A judgment error based on prior expectations or stereotypes.
Availability heuristic
A judgment error based on the most vivid or recent examples that come to mind.
Mental set
The tendency to approach problems in a particular way based on prior successful experiences.
Priming
The process by which exposure to a stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus.
Framing
The way information is presented, influencing decision-making based on positive or negative connotations.
Gambler’s fallacy
The belief that past random events affect the probability of future random events.
Sunk-cost fallacy
The tendency to continue investing in a decision based on prior investments, even when it is not beneficial.
Executive functions
Cognitive processes that enable goal-directed behavior, organization, planning, and critical thinking.
Convergent thinking
The cognitive process of finding a single, well-defined solution to a problem.
Divergent thinking
The cognitive process of generating multiple unique ideas or solutions to a problem.
Lateral thinking
A problem-solving approach that uses unconventional reasoning to find solutions.
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