AP Psyc Unit 2: Cognition

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AP Psychology Unit 2: Cognition

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38 Terms

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Perception

The process of interpreting sensory information influenced by external and internal factors.

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Bottom-up processing

Perception that relies primarily on external sensory information.

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Top-down processing

Perception that relies on internal prior expectations and knowledge.

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Schemas

Cognitive frameworks or concepts that help organize and interpret information.

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Perceptual set

A predisposition to perceive things in a certain way based on prior experiences.

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Gestalt psychology

A theory that explains how humans organize their perceptual world through principles like closure, figure and ground, proximity, and similarity.

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Attention

The interaction of sensation and perception, affected by internal and external processes.

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Cocktail party effect

A phenomenon where individuals selectively attend to specific stimuli, such as their name, in a noisy environment.

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Change blindness

A type of inattention where changes in the environment are not perceived.

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Binocular depth cues

Cues for depth perception that involve both eyes, including retinal disparity and convergence.

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Retinal disparity

The difference between the images projected onto each retina, contributing to depth perception.

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Convergence

The inward movement of both eyes to perceive depth.

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Monocular depth cues

Cues for depth perception that can be perceived with one eye, such as relative clarity and interposition.

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Relative clarity

The perception that hazy objects are further away than clear objects.

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Relative size

The perception that larger objects are closer and smaller objects are farther away.

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Texture gradient

The perception that objects that are more densely clustered appear farther away.

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Linear perspective

The visual effect where parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.

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Interposition

The perception that an object is further away when it is partially obscured by another object.

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Visual perceptual constancies

The ability to maintain the perception of an object despite changes in the visual field, including shape, size, color, and brightness constancy.

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Apparent movement

The perception of movement in stationary objects.

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Concepts

The mental categories that form the basis of thought.

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Prototypes

The ideal or most representative example of a concept.

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Assimilation

The process of incorporating new information into existing schemas without changing them.

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Accommodation

The process of altering existing schemas to incorporate new information.

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Algorithms

Step-by-step processes used to solve problems by trying all possible solutions.

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Heuristics

Mental shortcuts used to make judgments and decisions, which can lead to errors.

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Representativeness heuristic

A judgment error based on prior expectations or stereotypes.

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Availability heuristic

A judgment error based on the most vivid or recent examples that come to mind.

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Mental set

The tendency to approach problems in a particular way based on prior successful experiences.

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Priming

The process by which exposure to a stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus.

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Framing

The way information is presented, influencing decision-making based on positive or negative connotations.

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Gambler’s fallacy

The belief that past random events affect the probability of future random events.

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Sunk-cost fallacy

The tendency to continue investing in a decision based on prior investments, even when it is not beneficial.

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Executive functions

Cognitive processes that enable goal-directed behavior, organization, planning, and critical thinking.

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Convergent thinking

The cognitive process of finding a single, well-defined solution to a problem.

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Divergent thinking

The cognitive process of generating multiple unique ideas or solutions to a problem.

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Lateral thinking

A problem-solving approach that uses unconventional reasoning to find solutions.

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