INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY

Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body

ANATOMY

dissect, cut part and separate the parts of the body for study

Systemic anatomy and Regional anatomy

2 basic approaches to the study of anatomy

PHYSIOLOGY

Scientific discipline that deals with the processes or function of living things

Understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli

Understand how the body maintains internal homeostasis

goals of physiology

gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

anatomy is studied in 2 levels

surface and regional anatomy

gross anatomy is composed of?

cytology and histology

microscopic anatomy is composed of?

gross anatomy

these are large structures and easily observable

study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached either systemically or regionally.

microscopic anatomy

very small structures and can only be seen with a microscope

Chemical level

Cell level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ system level

Organism level

the six levels of organization of the human body from simplest to most complex.

integumentary system

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands.

skeletal system

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

muscular system

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

nervous system

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

endocrine system

A major regulatory system that infiuences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.

cardiovascular system

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

lymphatic system

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

respiratory system

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

digestive system

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach intestines, and accessory organs.

urinary system

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ureters.

female reproductive system

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.

Male Reproductive System

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.

Consists of the testes, accessory structures. ducts, and penis.

LIFE

The most important feature of all living organism is

Organization

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Growth

Development

Reproduction

6 essential characteristic of life

HOMEOSTASIS

Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external or internal environment

fluid

Most cells are surrounded with ___________environment

nervous and endocrine system

homeostasis is governed by what 2 systems?

Receptor

Control center

Effector

3 components of homeostasis

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Most systems in the body are regulated by negative feedback mechanism

Any deviation from set point range is reduced or resisted

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulate response

Deviation from set point becomes even greater

Requires "BRAKE", if not can be harmful

Anatomical position

Refers to a person standing upright with face directed forward, upperlimbs hanging to the side, and palm of hands facing forward

Supine

lying face upward

Prone

lying face downward

Planes

these are flat surfaces sectioning the body to look "inside"

Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity

Three main body

Developmental anatomy

studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.

Embryology

a subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.

Cytology

examines the structural features of cells, and

histology

examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them

system

is a group of structures that have one or more common functions, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, or muscular systems

body is studied system by system

regional anatomy

studied area by area.

Surface anatomy

involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body

Anatomical imaging

this uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures