ch-1 the living world

Biodiversity

The number and types of organisms persent on earth

Nomenclature

A need to standardize naming of living organismin such that a particular organismis known by the same name all over the world

Identification

When the organisms is describe correctly and we know what organisms the name is attached to

ICBN

International code for botanical nomenclature

ICZN

International code of zoological nomenclature

Binomial nomenclature

Providing name with 2 components that is

▪G︎eneric name

▪︎specific epithet

Binomial nomenclature was given by

Carolus Linnaeus

Classification

The process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters

Taxa

The scientific term for categories example: cat, dog, plants, animals,etc.

Taxonomy

The process by which all living organismscan be classified into different taxa.

The basic of modern taxonomic studies

• External and internal structure

• Along with the structure of cell

• Development process

• Ecological information of organisms

The basic to taxonomy

• Characterisation

• Identification

• Classification

• Nomenclature

The earliest classifications were based on

‘Uses’ of various organisms

Systematics

The study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time.

The title of Linnaeus publication

Systema Naturae

Taxonomic group categories

• Group represent category

• Category further denotes rank

• Each rank or taxon represents a unit of classification

  They are distinct biological entities and not meely morphological aggregate

Taxonomy categories

1. Kingdom

2. Phylum or division

3. Class

4. Order

5. Family

6. Genus

7. Species

How to place an organism in various categories

The basic requirement is the knowledge of characters of an individual or group of organisms.

This help identifying similarities and dissimilarities among the individuals of the same kind of organisms as well as of other kinds of organisms

Species

a group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities

Genus

A group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera

Family

A group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species

Order

Identified based on the aggregates of characters

It is a higher category being the assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characters

Class

This category include related orders

Phylum

Classes comprising animals like fish, birds, etc. along with mammals constitute phylum

What are included in phylum chordata

• Presence of notochord

• Dorsal hollow neural system

Division

Classes with a few similar characters( in plants)

The basis of arrangement

The higher from species to kingdom, The number of common characteristics goes on decreasing.

Lower the taxa, more are the characteristics that the members within the taxon shares