comp 2 Part 3

the lesser gluteal muscle is innervated by the

Superior gluteal nerve

Temporal = frequency →

Tenatus

Stabilizes microtubules” =

Taxol

“Stops polymerization” =

Vinblastine / Vincristine

Binds free tubulin dimers (anti-inflammatory)” =

Colchicine

Intermembranous ossification only occurs on

Flat bones

Which type of hypersensitivity is Grave’s Disease

Type 2

MG is classified as what type of allergic reaction

Type 2

Good pasture’s syndrome is classified as what type of hypersensitivity

Type 2

Type 4 hypersensitivity is

T cell mediated

The splenorenal ligament has the

Tail of the pancreas

The spermatochord emerges from the

Superficial ring

Choledocholithiasis

stone in the common bile duct but without infection or fever.

Cholangitis

infection/inflammation of the bile ducts due to obstruction (commonly by a stone in the common bile duct).

The ______ is inversely related to receptor–ligand affinity:

• Low Kd → high affinity (tight binding, needs little ligand).

• High Kd → low affinity (looser binding, needs more ligand).

dissociation constant (Kd)

Amphotericin B and nystatin mechanism of action

bind ergosterol → create pores → cell leakage.

What is the total degree and direction of midgut rotation around the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) during development?

270 degrees counterclockwise

Which drug prevents acetylcholine release from presynaptic terminals, leading to flaccid paralysis without affecting the postsynaptic receptors?

Botulinum toxin

Which drug causes flaccid paralysis by competitively inhibiting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction (without causing fasciculations)?

Curare

“collagen fibers,” “fibroblasts,” “vascular,” or “ground substance,”

Connective tissue

“tightly packed cells,” “no blood vessels,” “rests on basement membrane,”

Epithelium

A 60-year-old man with cirrhosis presents with rectal bleeding due to internal hemorrhoids. The affected veins ultimately drain into which larger vessel?

Inferior mesenteric vein → portal vein

• prevents posterior tibial translation → injured by “dashboard injury” (knee hits dashboard in car crash).

PCL

Water soluble hormones act on

Typically acts on external receptors and has secondary messengers

Which part of the urethra is prone to a saddle injury

The membranous urethra

“Bacterium hijacks the host Arp2/3 complex to nucleate branched actin”

Listeria

Myosin I →

an unconventional myosin that moves vesicles and organelles along actin filaments toward the barbed (+) end.

Myosin II →

the conventional myosin found in muscle and non-muscle cells that binds actin filaments of opposite polarity, generating tension or contraction (e.g., stress fibers, cytokinesis).

In skeletal and cardiac muscle, Ca²⁺ binds ____, causing tropomyosin to move away from actin’s myosin-binding sites → contraction.

Troponin C

“Carcinoma”

Keratin

Which cytoskeletal elements primarily compose this contractile ring?

Actin filaments and myosin II

Fibroblasts originate from the

Mesoderm

A 3-year-old child presents with intermittent abdominal pain and dark red (“currant jelly”) stools.

On endoscopy, a blind-ending pouch is seen on the antimesenteric border of the ileum, about 2 feet proximal to the ileocecal valve.

Histologic analysis of the pouch reveals gastric mucosa capable of secreting acid.

Vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct

The bordering arteries at the splenic flexure

Superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery

Bordering arteries of the duodenum

Celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

duodenal atresia, which presents with ____ and a “double-bubble” sign

bilious vomiting

How much does the stomach rotate

90 degrees counterclockwise

Myosin are

Thick filaments

Which protein anchors the thick filaments to the Z-line and contributes to muscle elasticity?

Titin

Example of normal lung exam phrasing?

Clear to auscultation bilaterally, no wheezes, rales, rhonchi, or rubs. Symmetrical chest expansion.

air=

Resonant

“Hyperrosonance and abscent breath sounds without a rub”

pneumothorax

“Dullness + ↑ fremitus + bronchial breath sounds”

Consolidation

mTOR affects

Translation

What immediately triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle?

Dihydropyridine–ryanodine receptor mechanical coupling

How does myosin re-cock?

ATP is hydrolyzed

How is the power stroke caused

Pi is released

When atp binds in muscle contraction, what happens

Myosin is released from actin

Which molecule directly exposes the myosin binding site on actin during contraction

Troponin C bound to calcium

Where are the sarcomere boundaries

Z lines

“Stays the same during contraction”

A band

Curare

Competive antagonist at nicotinic ACh receptors which induces flaccid paralysis

Succinylcholine

Agonist at nicotinic receptors which causes a depolarizing block which causes fasciculations which cause paralysis

What causes skeletal muscle fatigue during prolonged stimulation?

ATP depletion

Lactic acid accumulation

And decreased calcium release and uptake

If there’s damage to y-motor neurons, that leads to

Decreased tone

If type Ia afferents were impaired, what would happen

Reflexes would be impaired

“Protect excessive tension”

Golgi tendons

Temporal summation

Same fiber stimulated repeatedly

The inverse myotatic reflex

Causes relaxing and not increased recruitment

Length-tension

Force varies with sarcomere length

Endurance training increases

The number of mitochondria

Satellite cells activated after injury → _____ → new myotubes.

Form myoblasts

“Shortens or disappears in contraction”

H zone

Which mesentery spans the entire gut and suspends it from the posterior wall?

The dorsal mesentery

Where does the gut tube derive from

The endoderm

Where are the mesenteries serviced from

The mesoderm

The left vagus rotates

Anterior

What separate the urogenital and anorectal outlets ?

The urorectal septum

What’s the best imaging clue for midgut volvulus due to malrotation

Corkscrew sign

What morphogen establishes organ identity along the gut tube and where is it highest?

Retinoic acid; highest in the forgut

What structure holds the ventral mesentery and becomes part of the diaphragm?

Septum transversum

What causes duodenal atresia/stenosis and classic imaging sign?

Failure of recanalization; “double-bubble” on abdominal X-ray

which fiber type is described as fast-twitch glycolytic with low myoglobin and few mitochondria?

Type IIb

Long-term endurance training leads to which change in fast fibers?

IIb → IIa

A graph shows individual muscle twitches merging as stimulus frequency increases, and at very high frequency a smooth plateau of maximal tension appears.

Temporal summation

On the isometric length–tension curve, peak active tension at resting length is explained by which factor?

Maximal overlap of actin and myosin filaments

On the force–velocity plot, which point corresponds to an isometric contraction?

High load, zero shortening speed

The upper limb rotates in which direction during development

Lateral

The femoral artery passes under the

Inguinal ligament

Lumbosacral plexus

L1-S4

Limbs originate as outgrowths from the

Ventral lateral body wall

Action vs function in curling a bar bell up

action: flexion

Function: flexion

Action vs function of the biceps in curling a bar bell down

Action: flexion function: control rate of extension

Hyper extension of the hip is prevented by

Illiofemoral ligament and iliopsoas m.

The ACL can be torn in ____

posterior translocation of the femurs relative to the tibia (football pic)

Synaptic signaling is classified as

Short distance signaling

Receptor isoforms example

Epinephrine (Epi) dilates blood vessels in certain skeletal

muscle (β2) but contracts them in intestine (α)

What happens with down regulation

adaptation, desensitization, tolerance, dependence, attenuation, or tachyphylaxis.

______ are found in the cytosol

or nucleus of target cells

Intacellular receptor proteins

Ion channel-linked receptors, G-protein-linked receptors and enzyme linked receptors are linked to

Cell membrane receptors

“Hypothenar on inferior aspect of the dysfunctional rib and push up to thrust”

Inhalation dysfunction HVLA on Ribs 11-12

“hand goes on superior aspect of the dysfunctional rib”

Ribs 3-10 set up for HVLA

“hand goes on inferior aspect of the dysfunctional rib”

Exhalation dysfunction HVLA set up for ribs 3-10

“hand goes on inferior aspect of the rib above the dysfunctional rib”

Set up for HVLA exhaled dysfunction

In an exhalation dysfunction for ribs 11-12, the ribs are stuck

Up

In an inhalation dysfunction for ribs 11-12, the ribs are stuck

Down

“Gradual degeneration (“wear and tear”) of the spine and discs that Typically occurs with aging”

Spondylosis