Motivation and emotion

instincts

innate tendencies that determine behavior

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

ex) food, water, shelter

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

- our body seeks this

arousal theory

A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.

Sensation-Seeking Theory

which theory states that individuals seek activities and experience that gratify their need for sensationyer

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

self-determination theory

three elements are related to intrinsic motivation:

- autonomy: control over urself

- competence: experience of mastery & being effective

- relatedness: the need to feel connected

this combination impacts our ability to be self-determined and work toward goals we want to achieve

hunger motivation

drive that living beings have to eat as a means of satisfying hunger

hypothalamus

- lateral hypothalamus causes animal to eat

- ventromedial hypothalamus (satiety center) causes animal to stop eating

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

psychological factor

- motivated to eat by external food cues

- Garcia effect: if eat hotdog & get nauseous -> start to not like hotdog

- occurs when nausea is paired with food/ drink

- culture background -> food preference

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

sexual motivation

the natural impulse to gratify sexual needs

sexual response cycle

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

initial excitement

genital areas become engorged with blood, respiration and heart rate increase

plateau phase

respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level, genitals secrete fluids in preparation for coitus

orgasm

rhythmic genital contractions that may help conception, respiration, and heart rate increase further; males ejaculate, often accompanied by a pleasurable euphoria

resolution phase

Respiration and heart rate return to normal resting states, men experience refractory period--- a time period that must elapse before another orgasm. Female systems do not have a similar refractory period and can repeat the cycle immediately

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Management Theory

An approach to management that uses rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources.

Theory X management

managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment

Theory Y management

managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive

Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory

three patterns of conflict: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

James-Lange Theory

physiological state causes emotion

Canon-Bard Theory

physical state and emotion happen simultaneously

Scachter-Singer Theory

physiological arousal occurs first, followed by conscious cognitive interpretation or appraisal, followed by identification of the experienced emotion

ex) spider -> heart pounding -> cognitive label: there's spider -> fear

Reflexive Fear

immediate fear straight to amygdala

broaden and built theory

theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly

facial feedback hypothesis

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

display rules

culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display