Translation and Genetic Mutations

Start Codon

The nucleotide sequence (AUG) that signals the beginning of translation and codes for the amino acid methionine.

Stop Codon

Nucleotide sequences (UAA, UAG, UGA) that signal the termination of translation, indicating that the protein synthesis is complete.

Reading Frame

The way nucleotides are grouped into codons during translation. There are three possible reading frames for any given RNA sequence.

Genetic Code

The set of rules by which information encoded in nucleotide sequences is translated into the amino acid sequences of proteins. It includes codons for each amino acid and specifies start and stop signals.

Synthetic RNA

RNA molecules that are artificially produced in the lab, often used in experiments to determine codon assignments and to study the translation process.

Frameshift Mutation

A type of mutation that results from the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in a number that is not a multiple of three, causing a shift in the reading frame and altering the downstream amino acid sequence.

Intragenic Suppressor

A mutation that occurs in the same gene as the original mutation, which can restore the function of the protein by compensating for the effects of the original mutation.

Frameshift Suppressor

A specific type of suppressor mutation that can restore the reading frame of a protein after a frameshift mutation, allowing for correct protein synthesis.

Nonsense Mutation

A mutation that creates a premature stop codon in the protein-coding sequence, leading to truncated and typically nonfunctional proteins.

In Vitro

Experiments conducted outside of a living organism, often in controlled laboratory conditions (e.g., test tubes or culture dishes).

In Vivo

Experiments conducted within a living organism, allowing researchers to observe biological processes in their natural context.