Chapter 29: Body Fluids

Acid base balance

Acid base balance

________ is controlled as hydrogen ions generated by hydrogen carbonate formation are bound by haemoglobin.

Cell damage

________ due to infection or injury initiates inflammation, a nonspecific defense mechanism that produces swelling, redness, warmth, and pain.

Autoimmune disease

________ is a disorder in which the immune system identifies normal body components as antigens and produces antibodies to them.

Nutrients

________ are carried from the intestine to the sites of their catabolism.

Hormones

________ from endocrine glands are delivered to their target tissues.

Oxygen

________ and carbon dioxide are carried to and from different body parts by RBCs.

peripheral tissues

In ________, carbon dioxide diffuses into RBCs, where it is converted to hydrogen carbonate ion.

passive diffusion

Solutes that can cross membranes freely (________) move from regions of high solute concentration to regions of low solute concentration.

case of endurance

If output is greater than intake (as in the ________ athletes), body mass will be lost; 4 % or greater body mass loss is considered to be dangerous.

metabolic imbalance

A blood pH outside the normal range of 7.35- 7.45 can be caused by respiratory or ________, resulting in the potentially serious conditions of acidosis or alkalosis.

physiological homeostasis

To maintain ________, the daily intake of water must roughly equal that of the daily output of water; this is approximately 2500 mL per day for an average adult.

Waste products of metabolism

________ are carried to the kidneys.

Antibody

________ (immunoglobulin) is glycoprotein molecule that identifies antigens.

immune response

The cell- mediated ________ is under the control of several kinds of T lymphocytes or T cells.

tubule

The filtrate flows from the capsule into the ________ that makes up the rest of the nephron, and the blood enters the network of capillaries intertwined with the ________.

H2PO4

It is composed of water, nitrogen- containing wastes, and electrolytes (including ________- and NH4 +) that are excreted to help maintain acid- base balance.

tangle of capillaries

Blood enters a nephron at a glomerulus, a(n) ________ surrounded by a fluid- filled space.

WBCs

The ________ known as B lymphocytes or B cells, with the assistance of T cells, are responsible for the antibody- mediated immune response.

lymphatic system

The ________ collects excess interstitial fluid, debris from cellular breakdown, and proteins and lipid droplets too large to pass through capillary walls.

maintenance of acid base balance

In addition, blood buffers are essential to the ________.

Antigen

________ is a substance foreign to the body that triggers the immune response.

Urine

________ is composed of the products of filtration, minus the substances reabsorbed, plus any secreted substances.

Blood travels

________ through peripheral tissue in a network of tiny, hair- like capillaries that connect the arterial and venous parts of the circulatory system.

ADH

In the kidney, ________ causes a decrease in the water content of the urine, while thirst receptors in the hypothalamus, the heart, and blood vessels trigger increased water intake.

fluid pressure

Water and many small solutes move freely across the capillary walls in response to differences in ________ and concentration.

venous ends

On the ________ of the capillaries, blood pressure is lower, and water and solutes from the surrounding tissues are able to re- enter the blood plasma.

Blood clotting

________, which prevents loss of blood and begins the healing of wounds.

Defense

________: Blood carries the molecules and cells needed for two major defense mechanisms:

Histamine

________ sets off dilation of capillaries and increases the permeability of capillary walls.

Regulation

________: Blood redistributes body heat as it flows along, thereby participating in the regulation of body temperature.

Inflammatory response

________ is a nonspecific defense mechanism triggered by antigens or tissue damage.

Carbon dioxide

________ is transported in blood as a solute, attached to haemoglobin, or in solution as hydrogen carbonate ion.

immune response

The cell- mediated ________ principally guards against abnormal cells and bacteria or viruses entering the normal cells.

Oxygen

________ is transported attached to Fe2+ ions in haemoglobin.

Immune response

________ is a defense mechanism of the immune system dependent on the recognition of specific antigens, including viruses, bacteria, toxic substances, and infected cells; either cell mediated or antibody- mediated.

Blood serum

fluid portion of plasma left after blood has clotted

Transport

The circulatory system is the bodys equivalent of an interstate highway network, transporting materials from where they enter the system to where they are used or disposed of

Regulation

Blood redistributes body heat as it flows along, thereby participating in the regulation of body temperature

Defense

Blood carries the molecules and cells needed for two major defense mechanisms

It is composed of water, nitrogen-containing wastes, and electrolytes (including H2PO4

and NH4 +) that are excreted to help maintain acid-base balance