________ is controlled as hydrogen ions generated by hydrogen carbonate formation are bound by haemoglobin.
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Cell damage
________ due to infection or injury initiates inflammation, a nonspecific defense mechanism that produces swelling, redness, warmth, and pain.
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Autoimmune disease
________ is a disorder in which the immune system identifies normal body components as antigens and produces antibodies to them.
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Nutrients
________ are carried from the intestine to the sites of their catabolism.
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Hormones
________ from endocrine glands are delivered to their target tissues.
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Oxygen
________ and carbon dioxide are carried to and from different body parts by RBCs.
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peripheral tissues
In ________, carbon dioxide diffuses into RBCs, where it is converted to hydrogen carbonate ion.
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passive diffusion
Solutes that can cross membranes freely (________) move from regions of high solute concentration to regions of low solute concentration.
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case of endurance
If output is greater than intake (as in the ________ athletes), body mass will be lost; 4 % or greater body mass loss is considered to be dangerous.
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metabolic imbalance
A blood pH outside the normal range of 7.35- 7.45 can be caused by respiratory or ________, resulting in the potentially serious conditions of acidosis or alkalosis.
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physiological homeostasis
To maintain ________, the daily intake of water must roughly equal that of the daily output of water; this is approximately 2500 mL per day for an average adult.
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Waste products of metabolism
________ are carried to the kidneys.
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Antibody
________ (immunoglobulin) is glycoprotein molecule that identifies antigens.
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immune response
The cell- mediated ________ is under the control of several kinds of T lymphocytes or T cells.
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tubule
The filtrate flows from the capsule into the ________ that makes up the rest of the nephron, and the blood enters the network of capillaries intertwined with the ________.
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H2PO4
It is composed of water, nitrogen- containing wastes, and electrolytes (including ________- and NH4 +) that are excreted to help maintain acid- base balance.
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tangle of capillaries
Blood enters a nephron at a glomerulus, a(n) ________ surrounded by a fluid- filled space.
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WBCs
The ________ known as B lymphocytes or B cells, with the assistance of T cells, are responsible for the antibody- mediated immune response.
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lymphatic system
The ________ collects excess interstitial fluid, debris from cellular breakdown, and proteins and lipid droplets too large to pass through capillary walls.
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maintenance of acid base balance
In addition, blood buffers are essential to the ________.
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Antigen
________ is a substance foreign to the body that triggers the immune response.
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Urine
________ is composed of the products of filtration, minus the substances reabsorbed, plus any secreted substances.
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Blood travels
________ through peripheral tissue in a network of tiny, hair- like capillaries that connect the arterial and venous parts of the circulatory system.
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ADH
In the kidney, ________ causes a decrease in the water content of the urine, while thirst receptors in the hypothalamus, the heart, and blood vessels trigger increased water intake.
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fluid pressure
Water and many small solutes move freely across the capillary walls in response to differences in ________ and concentration.
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venous ends
On the ________ of the capillaries, blood pressure is lower, and water and solutes from the surrounding tissues are able to re- enter the blood plasma.
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Blood clotting
________, which prevents loss of blood and begins the healing of wounds.
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Defense
________: Blood carries the molecules and cells needed for two major defense mechanisms:
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Histamine
________ sets off dilation of capillaries and increases the permeability of capillary walls.
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Regulation
________: Blood redistributes body heat as it flows along, thereby participating in the regulation of body temperature.
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Inflammatory response
________ is a nonspecific defense mechanism triggered by antigens or tissue damage.
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Carbon dioxide
________ is transported in blood as a solute, attached to haemoglobin, or in solution as hydrogen carbonate ion.
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immune response
The cell- mediated ________ principally guards against abnormal cells and bacteria or viruses entering the normal cells.
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Oxygen
________ is transported attached to Fe2+ ions in haemoglobin.
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Immune response
________ is a defense mechanism of the immune system dependent on the recognition of specific antigens, including viruses, bacteria, toxic substances, and infected cells; either cell mediated or antibody- mediated.
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Blood serum
fluid portion of plasma left after blood has clotted
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Transport
The circulatory system is the bodys equivalent of an interstate highway network, transporting materials from where they enter the system to where they are used or disposed of
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Regulation
Blood redistributes body heat as it flows along, thereby participating in the regulation of body temperature
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Defense
Blood carries the molecules and cells needed for two major defense mechanisms
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It is composed of water, nitrogen-containing wastes, and electrolytes (including H2PO4
and NH4 +) that are excreted to help maintain acid-base balance
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