Drug Ed Final Study

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter found throughout the brain?

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

During an action potential, which ions cause the neuron to depolarize?

Sodium (Na+) ions

The effect of a neurotransmitter being excitatory or inhibitory depends on what?

The type of receptor.

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier created by glia in the brain?

Protects from potential toxins.

What are the branching parts of a neuron that receive information called?

Dendrites.

The neurotransmitter at the end organ of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is __.

Norepinephrine.

What does action potential refer to?

The electrical change in a neuron when neurotransmitters are released.

What are endogenous morphine-like chemicals that relieve pain called?

Endorphins.

What results from a loss of myelin wrappings?

Multiple sclerosis.

Which system in the human brain is responsible for increasing heart rate and reducing stomach motility?

The sympathetic system.

Should the therapeutic index (TI) be less than 1?

False, the TI should always be greater than 1.

What is an effective way to inhale psychoactive drugs for fast effect?

Inhaling the drug's vapors.

What is true about the chemical names of drugs?

They are the official names listed in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP).

Which psychoactive drug is a stimulant?

Cocaine.

How is the potency of a drug defined?

The amount required to produce an effect.

What is true about the potency of a drug?

The smaller the amount needed for a particular effect, the more potent the drug.

What does the time course of a drug's action depend on?

How the drug is administered, absorbed, and eliminated.

The threshold on a dose-response curve is defined as what?

The lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of a drug.

What are the effects of a drug that depend on the presence of a chemical at certain concentrations in tissue called?

Specific effects.

What specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer of a drug?

Brand name.

Cigarettes have been referred to as __ due to their association with future marijuana use.

A gateway substance.

What is one of the most important risk factors for drug use?

Having friends who use marijuana or other substances.

What does reinforcement in the context of drug use mean?

Each time one takes the drug, it increases the probability of taking it again.

Compared to high school graduates, those with college degrees are likely to use tobacco and likely to drink alcohol.

Less; more.

What type of correlations have been found between personality traits and substance use?

Strong correlations with traditional personality traits.

What is a correlate in statistics?

A variable that is statistically related to another variable.

Which drug is least reported to have ever been used by college students according to the Monitoring the Future Project?

Heroin.

What was one of the effects of the introduction of vaccines and antibiotics in the past century?

Acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of health care.

What is true about the term 'addiction'?

It has different meanings for different people.

What is defined as a behavioral event followed by a consequent event making the behavior more likely to repeat?

Reinforcement.

What is a concerning side effect of treating ADHD with amphetamines?

Decreased height and weight gains in children.

What did Sigmund Freud think about the use of cocaine for psychiatric conditions?

He was initially in favor of it.

Do amphetamines increase or decrease activity of monoamine neurotransmitters?

They increase activity.

What is cocaine still used for medically?

As a local anesthetic in specific surgeries.

During World War II, what was true about amphetamines?

They were used to enhance soldiers' efficiency.

What did the 1914 Harrison Act do?

Taxed the importation and sale of coca, cocaine, and opium.

Crack cocaine is a very stable form of __.

Cocaine hydrochloride.

What is the usual recreational dose of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)?

1-5 grams.

Which prescription sleeping pill do physicians prefer to use for sleep?

Short-acting drugs.

What is a symptom of using drugs with a shorter duration of action?

Withdrawal symptoms.

Which two drugs were introduced as safer than barbiturates?

Meprobamate and methaqualone.

What is nitrous oxide commonly known as?

Laughing gas.

What criteria is used to classify barbiturates?

Duration of action.

Is paraldehyde available in over-the-counter medications?

False.

What do many new atypical antipsychotics cause?

Significant weight gain and metabolic changes.

What is the chronic psychotic condition likely diagnosed as if no known cause exists?

Schizophrenia.

What do people taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors need to avoid?

Foods high in tyramine.

Tricyclics treat depressive symptoms by __.

Increasing monoamine neurotransmitters in the synapse.

What disorder involves fear and anxiety about various public situations?

Agoraphobia.

What is the definition of a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)?

An enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters to increase their availability in the synapse.

What is a common side effect in children treated with atypical antipsychotics?

Weight gain and metabolic changes.

What does the average lag period for antidepressants to begin effective treatment equal?

4-6 weeks.

What is a common side effect associated with older antipsychotics?

Pseudoparkinsonism.

What occurs during the first step of alcohol metabolism?

Alcohol is converted into acetaldehyde.

What is the typical alcohol content in most US commercial beers?

About 4 percent.

Which category of alcohol affects chronic heavy drinkers differently than moderate drinkers?

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC).

T/F: γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are similar in that they are found throughout the brain and are primarily inhibitory neurotransmitters.

True

Gated ion channels for sodium and potassium open and close in rapid succession, causing the neuron to depolarize and then return to its normal resting level, during each

Multiple Choice

• action potential

• homeostasis.

• metabolism.

• transporter.

action potential

Whether the effect of a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on

Multiple Choice

• blood sugar level.

• the type of receptor

• the rate of synthesis.

• enzyme actions.

the type of receptor

Which of the following is the function of the blood-brain barrier created by glia in the brain?

Multiple Choice

• It is an important link between the brain and the hormonal output of the pituitary gland.

• It opens the bronchi, reduces blood supply to the skin, increases the heart rate, and reduces stomach motility.

• It regulates the visceral, or involuntary, functions of the body, such as heart rate and blood pressure.

• Protects from potential toxins

Protects from potential toxins

The complex branching parts of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called dendrites.

True or False

True

The neurotransmitter at the end organ of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is _________

Multiple Choice

• serotonin

• dopamine

• norepinephrine

• γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

norepinephrine

Action potential refers to the chemical reaction that occurs when neurotransmitters that allow neurons to communicate with each other are released.

True or False

False

_________are endogenous morphine-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and are known to play an important role in relieving pain.

Multiple Choice

• Amphetamines

• Endocannabinoids

• Endorphins

• Monoamines

Endorphins

_________ results from a loss of myelin wrappings.

Multiple Choice

• Parkinson's disease

• Multiple sclerosis

• Schizophrenia

• Alzheimer's disease

Multiple sclerosis

Which of the following systems in the human brain tends to act more as a unit and is responsible for opening the bronchi, reducing blood supply to the skin, increasing the heart rate, and reducing stomach motility?

Multiple Choice

• the lymphatic system

• the sympathetic system

• the limbic system

• the enteric nervous system

the sympathetic system

The therapeutic index (TI) should always be lesser than 1 because the lethal dose should be larger than the effective dose.

True or False

False.
Explanation: The therapeutic index (TI) is the ratio of the toxic dose to the effective dose, and a TI greater than 1 indicates a safer margin between the doses.

For many psychoactive drugs, such as nicotine and cocaine, the fastest way to get an effect is by inhaling the drug's vapors.

True or False

True.
Explanation: Inhalation allows for rapid absorption into the bloodstream via the lungs, resulting in quicker onset of effects.

Identify a true statement about the chemical names of drugs.

Multiple Choice

• They are the official names of drugs as listed in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP).

• They can be trademarked by a drug manufacturer.

• They are controlled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

• They are used in laboratory settings when a new drug is being developed and tested.

• They are used in laboratory settings when a new drug is being developed and tested.

The group of psychoactive drugs called stimulants includes

Multiple Choice

• cocaine.

• Prozac.

• lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

• heroin.

cocaine (amphetamines, and caffeine)

The potency of a drug is defined in terms of

Multiple Choice

• the magnitude of the effect it produces.

• its dependence potential.

• whether it has a detectable odor.

• the amount required to produce an effect.

the amount required to produce an effect.

Which of the following statements is true of the potency of a drug?

Multiple Choice

• The smaller the amount needed to get a particular effect, the more potent the drug.

• Potency strongly relates to how effective a drug is or to how large an effect the drug can produce.

• Potency refers to the relative lethal dose of a drug, especially the cannabinoids and the opioids

• The ED50 (the effective dose for 50 percent of the animals) of a potent drug is higher than the ED50 of a less potent drug.

• The smaller the amount needed to get a particular effect, the more potent the drug.

The time course of a drug's action depends on

Multiple Choice

• how the drug is administered.

• how rapidly the drug is absorbed.

• how the drug is eliminated from the body.

• All of the above

All of the above.

The threshold on a dose-response curve is the 

Multiple Choice

• point at which the dose of a drug causes maximal response.

• lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of a drug.

• safe effective dose of a drug.

• therapeutic index of a drug.

lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of a drug.

The effects of a drug that depend on the presence of a chemical at certain concentrations in a target tissue are called _________

Multiple Choice

• placebo effects

• observer effects

• specific effects

• nocebo effects

specific effects

The _________ of a drug specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer, and the trademark belongs to that manufacturer.

Multiple Choice

• preferred name

• generic name

• brand name

brand name

In one study, adolescents who smoked cigarettes were about twice as likely as nonsmokers to later use marijuana. For this reason, cigarettes have been referred to as

Multiple Choice

• addicting.

• a gateway substance.

• toxic.

a gateway substance.

One of the most important risk factors for drug use is

Multiple Choice

• having friends who use marijuana or other substances.

• being heavily involved in extracurricular activities.

• having lots of money.

• believing that your parents are a source of social support.

• having friends who use marijuana or other substances.

_________ means that, everything else being equal, each time one takes the drug one increases slightly the probability that he or she will take it again.

Multiple Choice

• Reinforcement

• Altered perception

• Deviant drug use

Reinforcement

Compared to young adults who finished high school only, those with college degrees

Multiple Choice

• are more likely to use cocaine.

• are much more likely to drink alcohol and much less likely to use tobacco.

• are much more likely to drink alcohol and much less likely to use tobacco.

Which of the following statements is true of the relationships between substance use and various indicators of individual differences in personality variables?

Multiple Choice

• Large-scale survey studies of substance use in the general population have strong correlations with most traditional personality traits.

• Correlational studies of long-term substance use among young adults have shown a strong link between poor academic performances and substance use.

• Various ways of measuring a factor called impulsivity can be correlated with rates of substance use in the general population.

• Personality factors play a big role in whether someone decides to try alcohol or marijuana but a small role in

• Various ways of measuring a factor called impulsivity can be correlated with rates of substance use in the general population.

• A correlate is a variable that is statistically related to another variable.

• True or False

True

According to the Monitoring the Future Project at the University of Michigan, which of the following drugs is least reported to be ever used by college students?

Multiple Choice

• cocaine

• amphetamines

• heroin

• hallucinogens

heroin

In the past 100 years, the introduction of vaccines to prevent diseases and antibiotics to cure some types of infections laid the foundation for

Multiple Choice

• illicit drug markets.

• our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.

• many dangerous drug interactions.

• the "war on drugs."

• our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.

• According to the text, the word "addiction" is a controversial term that has different meanings for different people.

• True or False

True

In the context of substance use, _________ is defined as a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated.

Multiple Choice

• tolerance

• reinforcement

• antecedence

• idealization

reinforcement

One of the more disturbing side effects of treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with amphetamines or methylphenidate (Ritalin) is

Multiple Choice

• the high rate of drug dependence that develops.

• decreased height and weight gains in children.

• increased numbers of suicide attempts.

• liver dysfunction.

• decreased height and weight gains in children.

• Sigmund Freud was always opposed to the use of cocaine for treating psychiatric conditions.

• True or False

False

• Amphetamines decrease the activity of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) in the human body.

• True or False

False

Which of the following is true about the current use of amphetamines to treat depression?

Multiple Choice

• Amphetamines are never used because of their abuse potential.

• Amphetamines are used mostly as an adjunctive therapy.

• Amphetamines are more widely used than newer antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• Amphetamines are rarely used because they take too long to produce positive effects.

Amphetamines are used mostly as an adjunctive therapy.

Studies of the mechanism of action of the amphetamines have focused mainly on

Multiple Choice

• serotonin and the endorphins.

• gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate.

• nicotinic receptors.

• release of norepinephrine and dopamine.

release of norepinephrine and dopamine.

• Studies show that blacks are just as likely as whites to be arrested for violating crack cocaine laws.

• True or False

False

What is cocaine still used for medically?

Multiple Choice

• It is prescribed for weight loss.

• It is used as a local anesthetic for nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgeries.

• It is used as a local anesthetic for dental surgeries.

• Cocaine has no medical uses currently

Cocaine is used as a local anesthetic for nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgeries.

What is cocaine still used for medically?

Multiple Choice

• It is prescribed for weight loss.

• It is used as a local anesthetic for nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgeries.

• It is used as a local anesthetic for dental surgeries.

• Cocaine has no medical uses currently.

3

Item 3

Identify a true statement about amphetamines during World War II.

Multiple Choice

• They became unavailable due to shortages of chemicals.

• They were used by the American military as a "truth serum" for interrogating prisoners.

• The Japanese produced a report in 1944 which stated that amphetamines can be used to postpone sleep.

• They were used by Germany to increase its soldiers' efficiency.

Amphetamines were used by Germany to increase its soldiers' efficiency.

What did the 1914 Harrison Act do?

Multiple Choice

• outlawed coca, cocaine, and opium

• taxed importation and sale of coca, cocaine, and opium

• taxed possession of marijuana

• outlawed possession of heroin

The 1914 Harrison Act taxed importation and sale of coca, cocaine, and opium.

• Crack cocaine is a very stable form of the drug also known as cocaine hydrochloride.

• True or False

False. Crack cocaine is a freebase form of cocaine that is processed to make it smokable, differing from cocaine hydrochloride.

The usual recreational dose of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) when taken alone is about

Multiple Choice

• 10-20 milligrams.

• 100 micrograms.

• 1-5 grams.

• 100-200 grams.

1-5 grams.

Among the barbiturates, when prescribing a sleeping pill (hypnotic), physicians would usually choose a

Multiple Choice

• higher dose of a short-acting drug.

• lower dose of a long-acting drug.

• higher dose of a long-acting drug.

• lower dose of a short-acting drug.

lower dose of a short-acting drug.

• Drugs with a shorter duration of action leave the system quickly and are much more likely to produce withdrawal symptoms than are longer-acting drugs.

• True or False

True

Two drugs that were introduced as being safer than the barbiturates, but in the long run proved to be not much safer, were

Multiple Choice

• fluoxetine and paroxetine.

• toluene and xylene.

• meprobamate and methaqualone.

• perphenazine and thiazine.

meprobamate and methaqualone.