Unit 2 Full Review AP Psychology
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Q: What is change blindness?
Failure to notice changes in the environment due to inattention.
Q: What is apparent movement?
The perception of movement when objects aren't actually moving.
Q: What are visual perceptual constancies?
Perceptions of objects stay the same even when the visual image changes.
Q: What do monocular depth cues help with?
They create the illusion of depth on flat surfaces using one eye.
Q: What is the cocktail party effect?
The ability to focus on important info (like your name) in a noisy setting.
Q: What are binocular depth cues?
Depth perception from both eyes using retinal disparity and convergence.
Q: What is retinal disparity?
The difference between each eyeās image used to perceive depth.
Q: What is convergence?
The brain merging images from both eyes to perceive depth.
Q: What is Gestalt psychology known for?
Explaining how we organize perception using principles like closure and proximity.
Q: What are examples of Gestalt principles?
Closure, figure and ground, proximity, and similarity.
Q: What is bottom-up processing?
Perception starting from sensory input.
Q: What is top-down processing?
Perception shaped by expectations and prior knowledge.
Q: What are schemas and perceptual sets?
Mental frameworks that filter how we perceive the world.
Q: What influences attention?
Both internal and external processes.
Q: How do context and culture affect perception
They act as external filters shaping how we interpret sensory input.
Q: What are concepts?
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or ideas.
Q: What is a prototype?
The best or most typical example of a concept.
Q: What is assimilation?
Fitting new info into an existing schema without changing it.
Q: What is accommodation?
Changing a schema to include new information.
Q: What is an algorithm?
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution.
Q: What is a heuristic?
A mental shortcut used to make decisions quickly.
Q: What is the representativeness heuristic?
Judging based on how well something matches a prototype.
Q: What is the availability heuristic?
Judging based on what comes to mind first or most easily.
Q: What is a mental set?
Using past successful strategies to solve new problems.
Q: What is priming?
Exposure to one thing influences a response to another.
Q: What is framing?
The way an issue is presented affects decision-making.
Q: What is the gamblerās fallacy?
Belief that past events affect future probabilities.
Q: What is the sunk-cost fallacy?
Continuing a behavior due to already invested resources.
Q: What are executive functions?
Cognitive processes for planning and goal-directed behavior.
Q: What is creativity?
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.
Q: What is divergent thinking?
Generating multiple solutions to a problem.
Q: What is functional fixedness?
Inability to see new uses for familiar objects.
Q:What is working memory?
A system for temporarily holding and processing info.
Q: What are components of working memory?
Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad.
Q: What is the levels of processing model?
Memory is deeper and more durable when processed semantically.
Q: What is the multi-store model of memory?
Info passes through sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
Q: What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Strengthening of synapses through repeated activation.
Q: What is prospective memory?
Remembering to do things in the future.
Q: What is implicit memory?
Memory without conscious awareness (e.g., skills).
Q: What is procedural memory?
A type of implicit memory for how to do things.
Q: What is explicit memory?
Memory you can describe, like facts or experiences.
Q: What are episodic and semantic memory?
Episodic = personal events; Semantic = general knowledge.
Q: What is encoding?
The process of getting information into memory.
Q: What are mnemonic devices?
memory methods where you associate two things with eachother (rhymes, patterns, ect.)
Q: What is chunking?
Grouping info into meaningful units.
Q: What is the spacing effect?
Learning is better when spaced over time.
Q: What is the serial position effect?
Better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list.
Q: What is the primacy effect?
Better memory for the first items in a list.
Q: What is the recency effect?
Better memory for the last items in a list.
Q: What are the stages of memory?
Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
Q: What is maintenance rehearsal?
Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.
Q: What is elaborative rehearsal?
Linking new info to existing knowledge to store it.
Q: What is highly superior autobiographical memory?
Exceptionally detailed memory for personal events.
Q: What is autobiographical memory?
Memory related to oneās own life.
Q: What affects memory storage?
Amnesia, Alzheimerās disease, and infantile amnesia.
Q: What is retrograde amnesia?
Loss of past memories.
Q: What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to form new memories.
Q: What is recall?
Retrieving information without cues.
Q: What is recognition?
Identifying information with cues.
Q: What is context-dependent memory?
Recall is better in the same setting as learning.
Q: What is mood-congruent memory?
Recall is better when mood matches the mood during encoding.
Q: What is state-dependent memory?
Recall is better when physical state matches encoding.
Q: What is the testing effect?
Practicing retrieval improves memory.
Q: What is metacognition?
Thinking about your own thinking.
Q: What is the misinformation effect?
Memory is altered by misleading information.
Q: What is source amnesia?
Forgetting where a memory came from.
Q: What is constructive memory?
Memories are built from pieces and may be altered.
Q: What is repression (Freud)?
Forgetting distressing memories to protect the ego.
Q: What is the forgetting curve?
Most forgetting happens soon after learning.
Q: What is encoding failure?
When info never enters long-term memory.
Q: What is proactive interference?
Old info blocks new learning.
Q: What is retroactive interference?
New info blocks recall of old info.
Q: What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
Knowing a word but being unable to retrieve it.
Q: What is a fixed mindset?
Belief that intelligence is unchangeable.
Q: What is a growth mindset?
Belief that intelligence can improve with effort.
Q: What is an achievement test?
Measures what someone has learned.
Q: What is an aptitude test?
Predicts future performance.
Q: What is the Flynn Effect?
IQ scores have risen over generations worldwide.
Q: What is test reliability?
Consistency of test results over time.
Q: What are two types of reliability?
Test-retest and split-half reliability.
Q: What is stereotype threat?
Risk of confirming negative group stereotypes.
Q: What is stereotype lift?
Performance boost from positive stereotypes.
Q: What is test standardization?
Giving a test the same way to all test-takers.
Q: What are psychometric principles?
Standards that make tests fair and useful.
Q: How was IQ originally calculated?
Mental age Ć· chronological age Ć 100.
Q: What is "g" in intelligence?
General intelligence factor.
Q: What is test validity?
The test measures what itās supposed to.
Q: What are types of validity?
Construct and predictive validity.
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