FINAL BIO 101 EXAM

Covers: - Molecules of Life - Mitosis and Meiosis - DNA, Genetic materia, and how genes works - Genomics and Biotechnology - Evolution and Natural Selection

What are the three principals of the cell theory?

1. Organisms are made of one or more cells.

2. Cell is the basic unit of all living things

3. Cells arise from preexisting cells

What are the two methods of transportation in a cell?

1. Active Transport (requires energy)

2. Passive Transport (requires no energy)

What are the three types of Passive Transport?

1. Simple diffusion

2. Facilitated diffusion

3. Osmosis

What are the two types of Passive Transport that use solute?

1. Simple diffusion

2. Facilitated diffusion

Which of the three types of Passive Transport uses a protein channel for help with passage.

Facilitated diffusion

What is the direction of the concentration that molecules in cell transportation in Active?

Molecules go from low to high concentration

What is the direction of the concentration that molecules in cell transportation in Passive?

Molecules go from high to low concentration

What is the monomers for Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

What is the monomers for Lipids

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

What is the monomers for Protein

Amino acids

What is the monomers for Nucleic Acid

Nucleotides

What are monosaccharides?

A monomer that is composed of simple sugars

How many monosaccharides are there?

3

What are the three monosaccharides?

1. Glucose

2. Fructose

3. Galactose

What is an Isomer?

Same formula, different structure

What is an example of an Isomer?

Simple sugars (Glucose, Fructose, Galactose). They have the formula of C6 H12 O2 but they all have different structures.

What are the 2 types of cell division in Eukaryotes?

1. Mitosis

2. Meiosis

How many steps does the cell cycle have?

5

How many steps does the Mitosis have?

4

What happens in Interphase?

DNA replicates

What happens in Prophase?

DNA coils/condenses and Nucleus disappears

What happens in Metaphase?

Sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell

What happens in Anaphase?

Sister chromatids separates

What happens in Telophase?

DNA uncoils/Condenses and Nucleus reappears

How many phases does Interphase have?

3

How many checkpoints does the cell cycle have?

3

What are the 3 phases of Interphase (in order).

1. G1 Phase (GAP 1)

2. S phase (Synthesis)

3. G2 phase (GAP 2)

What are the 3 checkpoints of the cell cycle (in order).

1. G1 checkpoint

2. G2 checkpoint

3. M checkpoint

What is P53?

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Somatic cells are examples of what?

Diploids

Gametes are examples of what?

Haploids

In what type cells does Mitosis occur

Somatic cells

In what type cells does Meiosis occur?

Germ cells (produce gametes)

Mitosis deals with …

Sister Chromatids

Meiosis I deals with …

Homologous Chromosomes

Meiosis II deals with …

Chromatids

What phase does crossing over occur?

Prophase I

What phase does independent assortment occur?

Metaphase I

What process goes from DNA to DNA?

DNA replication

How many enzymes are there in DNA replication?

5

What process goes from DNA to RNA

Gene Expression

How many stages are there in Gene Expression?

2

What are the two stages of Gene Expression?

Transcription and Translation

What is the 1 enzyme in gene expression?

RNA polymerase

What’s a codon?

3 nucleotide bases found on mRNA

What’s an anticodon?

3 nucleotide bases found on tRNA

In gene expression, what does DNA have?

Instructions

In gene expression, what does mRNA do?

Deliver instructions given from DNA to ribosomes

What are introns?

Non-coding regions of the RNA that stay inside of the nucleus

What are extrons?

Coding regions of the mRNA that exit the nucleus

What scientist is involved with DNA?

Rosalind Franklin

What are Purines?

Nitrogenous bases with double-rings (Adenine and Guanine)

How many rings do Purines have?

2

What are Pyrimidines?

Nitrogenous bases with single rings (Cytosine and Thymine)

How many rings do Pyrimidines have?

1

What is natural selection?

The mechanism for descent with modification (aka survival of the fittest)

What are fossil records?

Evidence of evolution that focuses on the preserved remains, tracks, or traces of once living organisms

What are Homologous structures?

The same body part present in an ancestor

What are Analogous structures?

Similar looking structures in unrelated lineages 

What are Agents of Evolution?

Processes that can cause evolution to occur 

How many Agents of Evolution are there?

5

What are the 5 Agents of Evolution?

Mutations, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Nonrandom Mating, and Natural Selection

How many kingdoms are there?

6

How many domains are there?

3

What are the three domains?

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

What are the six kingdoms?

Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

What is recombinant DNA?

Process of recombining DNA by merging DNA from two sources to form a single DNA molecule 

What are the two sources used in recombinant DNA?

1. Bacterial Plasmid 

2. Gene of interest 

What is a Plasmid?

Small circular DNA molecules that holds information/DNA/Genes to help the bacteria survive antibiotics

What is a Vector?

When DNA ligase joins the two DNA molecules
to form a single DNA Molecule

What are vaccines?

They are harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogen

what do vaccines do?

Used to prevent infectious disease  

What’s an example of DNA technology?

Recombinant DNA

What are restriction enzymes?

They cut DNA (both plasmid and gene of interest) into fragments

Where do restriction enzymes come from?

Bacteria

What is gel electrophoresis?

Method for sorting proteins or nucleic acids by electrical charge & molecular size

What does gel electrophoresis do?

Separate DNA by its molecular size

What is PCR?

Polymerase Chain Reaction