FINAL BIO 101 EXAM

CHAPTER 3+4 - Molecules of life + Tour of cell

Three principals of the cell theory

1. Organisms are made of one or more cells.

2. Cell is the basic unit of all living things

3. Cells arise from preexisting cells

Transportation in a cell

• 2 Methods: Active transport and Passive transport

• Active requires energy from the cell, Passive does not

• 3 types of Passive: Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis

• Simple diffusion and Facilitated diffusion are solute based

• Facilitated diffusion uses a protein channel

• Active goes from low to high

• Passive goes from high to low

Monomers

• The monomers for Carbohydrates = Monosaccharides

• The monomers for Lipids = Fatty Acids and Glycerol

• The monomers for Protein = Amino acids

• The monomers for Nucleic Acids = Nucleotides

Monosaccharides

• Monosaccharides are simple sugars

• Carbohydrates have 3 monosaccharides

  • Glucose

  • Fructose

  • Galactose

Isomers

• Same formula, different structure

• Example:

  • Glucose + Fructose + Galactose

• Formula: C6 H12 O2

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  CHAPTER 8+9 - Mitosis + Meiosis

Cell Division

• Eukaryotes have 2 types of cell division

  • Mitosis

  • Meiosis

Cell Cycle

• 2 distinct phases

  • Interphase

    • Copy the DNA

  • Mitotic phase 

    • Split to DNA

• 5 Steps (IPMAT)

  • Interphase: Duplicates DNA

  • Prophase: DNA coils/condenses and Nucleus disappears

  • Metaphase: Sister chromatids align at the center of the cell

  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate

  • Telophase: DNA uncoils/Condenses and Nucleus reappears

• 4 Steps of Mitosis (PMAT)

• Interphase has 3 phases

  1. G1 Phase (GAP 1)

     • Most cells spend majority of their time in this phase

  2. S phase (Synthesis)

     • DNA replication occur in preparation for cell division

  3. G2 phase (GAP 2)

• Cell cycle has 3 checkpoints

  1. G1 checkpoint

     • Should the cell divide and enter S phase

  2. G2 checkpoint

     • Leads to mitosis

  3. M checkpoint

     • During metaphase

P53

• Tumor Suppressor Gene

Diploid vs Haploid

• Diploid

  • Ex: Somatic cells (nonreproductive) and Germ-line cells

  • Result of Mitosis

• Haploid

  • Gametes (reproductive)

  • Result of Meiosis

Meiosis I

• Crossing over occurs in Prophase I

• Independent assortment occurs in Metaphase I

DNA Replication

• 5 Enzymes

  • DNA helicase: splits/separates the DNA strand

  • RNA Primase: adds an RNA primer

  • DNA Polymerase III: binds to the primer and adds DNA nucleotides

  • DNA Polymerase I: removes all of the RNA primers from both strands of DNA and adds DNA nucleotides/bases

  • DNA Ligase: glues/seals up the fragments of DNA in both strands

• 2 strands

  • Leading

  • Lagging (has okazaki fragments)

CHAPTER 11 + 12 - DNA, genetic material, how genes work

Gene Expression

• 2 stages

  • Transcription

  • Translation

Codon vs. Anticodon

• 3 bases at a time

• Codon

  • Found in mRNA

• Anticodon

  • Found in tRNA